2.1.2 Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
What is a monomer?
A
A small molecule which joins with others to form a polymer
2
Q
What is a polymer?
A
A large molecule made up of many repeating monomers
3
Q
What is a polar molecule?
A
A molecule with regions of negative and positive charge
4
Q
How are regions of charge shown on a diagram?
A
Delta + or delta -
5
Q
In water what charge does the oxygen have?
A
Negative
6
Q
In water what charge do the hydrogen have?
A
Positive
7
Q
Why is water a polar molecule?
A
Electrons from hydrogen and pulled towards it
8
Q
How is hydrogen bonding shown on a diagram?
A
Dashed Line
9
Q
How strong are hydrogen bonds?
A
Weak
10
Q
What are hydrogen bonds?
A
The bond between negatively charged oxygen and positively charged hydrogens
11
Q
Property of water beginning with L
A
Liquid
12
Q
What happens to hydrogen bonds as the water molecules move?
A
Constantly break and reform
13
Q
Water has a _____ viscosity
A
low
14
Q
What is viscosity?
A
How well a liquid flows. Lower viscosity = better flow
15
Q
Property of water beginning with D
A
Density
16
Q
Below 4C is the density higher or lower than above 4C in water
A
lower
17
Q
Why is ice’s density less than water’s?
A
Arrangement of hydrogen bonds
18
Q
Ice is a _________________ arrangement
A
tetrahedral
19
Q
Properties of ice’s structure
A
- Giant
- Rigid
- Open
20
Q
Water is a S______
A
Solvent
21
Q
Why does water’s polarity make it a good solvent?
A
It is attracted to other polar/charged molecules
22
Q
How does water dissolve solutes?
A
Water molecules cluster around the solute particles, separating he oppositely charged ions
O - H H
l (-) l
H H - O
23
Q
Will non-polar molecules dissolve in water?
A
No
24
Q
What is cohesion?
A
The hydrogen bonds between water molecules pull the molecules towards each other
25
What is tension?
A force that tends to stretch something
26
What is adhesion?
Where water molecules are attracted to surfaces such as in tubes
27
What is specific heat capacity?
The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of something by 1C
28
Does water have a high or low specific heat capacity?
High
29
What is the specific heat capacity of water?
4.184 kJ / kg / K
30
Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?
Hydrogen bonds
31
Does water experience rapid temperature changes?
No
32
What is latent heat of vaporisation?
The amount of energy a substance can absorb before it changes to a gas
33
Does water have a high or low latent heat of vaporisation?
High
34
Why does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation?
Hydrogen Bonds
35
What is the latent heat of vaporisation of water?
2.26 MJ / Kg / K
36
Water is a R_________ in many reactions
Reactant
37
2 examples of reactions where water is a reactant
Photosynthesis
Hydrolysis
38
What are the 4 roles of water?
- Solvent
- Transport Medium
- Coolant
- Habitat
39
What is the role of water being a liquid?
- Habitats (rivers, lakes)
- Transport Medium (blood, vascular tissue)
Reaction Medium
Forms tissues
40
What is the role of water's density?
- habitat
- stable environment
41
How does the density of water create a stable environment?
Ice is less dense so it floats
42
What is an advantage of ice forming at the top of bodies of water?
Provides insulation
43
What is the role of water being a solvent?
- Allows molecules to move around and react with each other
- transport medium
44
Role of water's surface tension
Allows insects such as pond skaters to walk on water
45
What is capillary action?
The process where water rises up a narrow tube against gravity
46
What is the role of water's cohesion?
Capillary action in plants (xylem)
47
Role of water's high specific heat capacity
Gives organisms a stable temperature in order to live (reactions)
habitat (gives aquatic organisms a stable environment)
48
Role of water's high latent heat of vaporisation
Coolant
49
How does water's latent heat of vaporisation make it a coolant?
Mammals sweat cool skin
Water evaporating from mesophyll cells cool plant
50
Role of water being a reactant
Photosynthesis
hydrolysis
synthesis of large biological molecules
51
What are the main components of biological molecules?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen + others (sulfur, phosphorus)
52
What reaction takes place to make a polymer?
condensation
53
What are the products in a condensation reaction?
Polymer + water
54
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction where two molecules are joined together with a covalent bond, forming a larger molecule and water
55
What reaction takes place to break a polymer?
hydrolysis
56
What is the equation for a hydrolysis reaction?
Polymer + water ---> monomer + monomer
57
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A reaction where the covalent bond between two molecules is broken with the addition of a water molecule
58
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Sugars
Starches
59
What is a sugar?
Sugars are small carbohydrates (one or two units)
e.g glucose
60
What is a starch?
Large, long chain carbohydrate made up of many units
e.g glycogen
61
A sugar made of one unit is called a _____________
Monosaccharide
62
A sugar made of two units is called a __________
Disaccharide
63
Starch made of many units is called a _________
Polysaccharide
64
What is the usual general formula of a carbohydrate?
Cx (H2O)y
65
What is the function of most carbohydrates?
Energy sources / stores, and support.
66
Carbohydrates make up a large proportion of ________________ compounds
organic
67
What is the formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
68
Glucose is a h_____ monosaccharide
hexose
69
What are the two variations of glucose?
Alpha
Beta
70
Glucose in _____________ in non polar substances
insoluble
71
Glucose is an _______ ______ in animals and plants
energy store
72
Why is glucose soluble?
So it can be transported
73
What is the difference between a-glucose and b-glucose?
a - glucose = H
OH
b - glucose = OH
H
74
What is an isomer?
Molecules of the same molecular formulae but different arrangement of atoms
75
Ribose is a _______ monosaccharide
pentose
76
On which carbon is the CH2OH bonded to
C4
77
What structure do pentose monosaccharides form?
Ring Structure
78
Name two important pentose monosaccharides
Ribose
Deoxyribose
79
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?
Deoxyribose has 2 hydrogens bonded to C2, while ribose has an Oh and a H
80
How are disaccharides formed?
Condensation reactions
81
What is a glycosidic bond?
A covalent bond formed between two carbohydrates from a condensation reaction
82
What is maltose made of?
Two alpha glucose
83
What type of glycosidic bond is in maltose
1 - 4
84
What is sucrose made of?
a - glucose, b - fructose
85
What type of glycosidic bond is in sucrose?
1 - 4
86
What is lactose made of?
b - galactose , a - glucose
87
What type of glycosidic bond is in lactose?
beta 1 - 4
88
What is a reducing sugar?
Reducing sugars donate electrons during a redox reaction
89
Are reducing sugars oxidized or reduced in a redox reaction?
oxidized
90
Do reducing sugars show results in a benedicts test?
Yes
91
Do non reducing sugars show results in a benedicts test?
No
92
What is an aldehyde functional group?
H
R - C = O
93
What is a ketone functional group?
R
R - C = O
94
Reducing sugars are _______ sugars
simple
95
Examples of reducing monosaccharide
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
96
Examples of reducing disaccharides
maltose
lactose
97
What is a non-reducing sugar?
Sugars without an aldehyde functional group
98
Example of non - reducing sugar
Sucrose
99
What is a polysaccharide which contains the same monosaccharide called?
homopolysaccharide
100
What is a polysaccharide containing multiple monosaccharides?
Heteropolysaccharide
101
What is starch?
A polymer of a-glucose
102
What are the two molecules of starch?
Amylose
Amylopectin
103
What is the structure of amylose?
Long, unbranched chain which coils up
104
Amylose is ______, making it good for storage
dense/compact
105
What is the structure of amylopectin?
long, branched chain
106
Why is amylopectin branched?
To increase surface area
107
What is a benefit of amylopectin being branched?
Easier for enzymes to break it down
108
Is starch a hetero or a homo polysaccharide?
Homopolysaccharide
109
Which monosaccharide makes up starch?
a - glucose
110
AT branches, what is the glycosidic bond in amylopectin?
1 - 6
111
Starch is a major carbohydrate in _______
Plannts
112
Starch is _________ in water
insoluble
113
Plastids meaning
Specialized membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells (e.g chloroplasts)
114
Glycogen is the main energy storage molecule in _______
animals
115
Where are the main areas glycogen is stored?
muscle cells and liver
116
What is the structure of amylose?
Long branched chain.
117
What glycosidic bonds are present in amylose?
1 - 4
1 - 6 (at branches)
118
Benefit of amylose having many chains
bigger surface area
Energy released quickly
119
Why does amylose need more branches then amylopectin?
Animals use energy quicker so energy needs to be released quicker
120
What is amylose made up of?
a - glucose
121
What is cellulose made up of?
b - glucose
122
Alternate molecules are ________
inverted
123
Cellulose is a ________ chain
straight
124
What in a plant cell is made up of cellulose?
cell wall
125
How do cellulose chains bond?
Hydrogen bonds
126
What is made when cellulose chains bond?
Microfibrils
127
What is made when bundles of microfibrils cross over?
Macrofibrils
128
Why is cellulose suitable for cell walls?
The macrofibres it forms are strong
129
What is a positive result in the benedicts test?
Brick Red
130
What extra is needed to be done when testing for non-reducing sugars
-Add HCl
- Heat 100C 2 mins
- cool
- add NaHCO3 until pH neutral
131
Lipids are _____molecules
macro
132
What ere the three types of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
133
Why are lipids insoluble in water?
They are not polar
134
What is a macromolecule?
A very large, organic molecule
135
What elements do ALL lipids have in common
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
136
Why aren't lipids polymers?
Not made of repeating units
137
Triglycerides are made up of _ molecule of _______ and 3 fatty acid molecules
1, glycerol
138
Triglycerides are made up of one molecule of glycerol and _ of ______ ______
3, fatty acids
139
Are triglycerides polar or non-polar?
Polar
140
Glycerol is (always/never) the same in a lipid
always
141
What does it mean if a molecule is saturated?
all bonds are single bonds (no double bonds)
142
What type of bond forms between the glycerol and fatty acids in a triglyceride?
An ester bond
143
What is glycerol?
A 3 carbon alcohol molecule
144
When does an ester bond form?
when an organic molecule (e.g fatty acid) joins to an alcohol by condensation reaction
145
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
146
What bond joins the phosphate group and glycerol in a phospholipid?
ester
147
Why is part of a phospholipid hydrophobic while the other part is hydrophobic?
Because only part of it is charged, which is the hydrophilic part?
148
Which is the hydrophilic part of a phospholipid?
The phosphate group
149
Which is the hydrophobic part of a phospholipid?
Fatty acids
150
Name the four functions of lipids
- Membrane formation
- Hormone production
- electrical insulation
- waterproofing
151
Why are triglycerides useful for storing energy?
They are insoluble so they don't affect water potential
152
Name as many functions of triglycerides as you can
- energy source
- energy store
- insulation
- buoyancy
- protection
153
Why are triglycerides useful for buoyancy?
Fat is less dense than water
154
Why are triglycerides useful as an energy source?
They can be broken down in respiration to release twice the amount of energy than sugar
155
Why are triglycerides used to protect organs?
Used to coat delicate organs as it can be used as a shock absorber
156
What is the main function of a phospholipid?
They make up the cell membrane of all eukaryotes and prokaryotes
157
Why are phospholipids used in cell membranes?
The hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic phosphate groups form a double layer with tails facing inwards
158
What is the double layer of phospholipids called which makes up cell membranes?
phospholipid bilayer
159
How does the phospholipid bilayer act as a barrier against water-soluble substances?
The middle is hydrophobic, making it hard for them to pass through
160
What are steroid alcohols known as?
sterols
161
Sterols are (similar/different) to fats and oils
different
162
Sterols are complex alcohol molecules based on a ____ carbon ring structure
with a ________ group at one end.
four, hydroxyl
163
What characteristic do sterols share with phospholipids?
dual hydrophilic/hydrophobic
164
Name 1 example of a sterol
Cholesterol
165
Cholesterol is a small, hydro(philic/phobic?) molecule
phobic
166
Cholesterol has a hydroxyl group attached to is which is hydro_____
philic
167
Cholesterol has a ______ group attached to is which is hydrophilic
hydroxyl
168
Where is cholesterol made in the body?
liver and intestines mainly
169
Why is cholesterol useful in cell membranes?
They position themselves between phospholipids which adds stability to the membranes
170
Why is cholesterol useful for making hormones?
hydrophobic nature allows it to pass through cell membranes
171
Name 3 examples of hormones made from cholesterol?
- Testosterone
- Oestrogen
- Vitamin D
172
What test is used to test for the presence of lipids?
The emulsion test
173
How does the emulsion test work?
- Ethanol extracts the lipid
- Lipids spontaneously comes out of the solution when water is added (lipids hydrophobic)
- forms layer
174
What is a positive result in the emulsion test?
A layer of cloudy white suspension forms
175
What are proteins made of?
amino acids
176
Name 3 functions of proteins
- Structural
- Catalytic
- Carriers and Pores
177
How are proteins used as catalysts?
Proteins make up enzymes
178
How are proteins used in the cell membrane?
They form pores to allow molecules through and "carrier proteins" transport the molecules
179
What is an amino acid?
The monomer of all proteins, all with similar structures
180
What elements make up all amino acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
(some contain sulfur)
181
Only __ out of over 500 amino acids are found in proteins (proteinogenic)
20
182
How many amino acids found in proteins can be made from other amino acids in the body?
5
183
How many amino acids are essential and can only be found in food?
9
184
How many amino acids are specifically needed in infants and growing children?
6
185
What is the structure of an amino acid?
- Amine Group
- Central carbon
- single hydrogen bonded to central carbon
- carboxyl group
- R group
186
What is an R group?
A side chain acting as a functional group?
Called the residual group
187
One amino acid is called a _____
Monomer
188
A molecule made of 2 amino acids is called a _______
dipeptide
189
A molecule made up of more than 2 amino acids is called a ________
polypeptide
190
Multiple polypeptides make up a _________
protein
191
