2.1.2 Biological Molecules

Question 1

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 1

A chemical bond formed between positive charge on hydrogen and negative on another atom adjacent to the molecule

Question 2

What is valency?

Answer 2

How many bonds an element has to have

Question 3

What elements make up lipids?

Answer 3

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 4

What elements make up carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 5

What elements make up proteins?

Answer 5

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur

Question 6

What elements make up nucleotides?

Answer 6

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate

Question 7

How is water bonded

Answer 7

Two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons with one oxygen atom (covalent)

Question 8

What’s cohesion

Answer 8

Sticking to other water molecules

Question 9

What’s adhesion

Answer 9

Sticking to other objects

Question 10

What is polar and how is water polar

Answer 10

Differently charged regions, o is slightly negative, h is slightly positive

Question 11

Name waters properties

Answer 11

Solvent, transport medium, coolant, habitat, cohesion, surface tension, high boiling point

Question 12

Explain water as a solvent

Answer 12

Water disassociates polar molecules e.g removing wastes

Question 13

Explain water as a habitat

Answer 13

Thermally supports aquatic organisms, diluted waste, supports small insects with surface tension

Question 14

Explain water as transport medium

Answer 14

Materials dissolve and can flow easier

Question 15

Explain water as a coolant

Answer 15

Water buffers temperature changes in chemical reactions

Question 16

What is a monomer and polymer

Answer 16

Monomer and molecules and polymer is a chain or monomers

Question 17

What are sodium ions necessary for

Answer 17

Nerve impulse transmission and kidney function

Question 18

What’s are calcium ions necessary for

Answer 18

Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

Question 19

What are potassium ions necessary for

Answer 19

Nerve impulse transmission and stomatal opening

Question 20

What are hydrogen ions necessary for

Answer 20

Catalysis of reactions and pH determination

Question 21

What are nitrate ions necessary for

Answer 21

Formation of amino acids and proteins in plants

Question 22

What are hydrogen carbonate ions necessary for

Answer 22

Blood ph maintenance

Question 23

What are chloride ions necessary for

Answer 23

Balances charges in cells

Question 24

What are phosphate ions necessary for

Answer 24

Formation of cell membrane, atp, bones

Question 25

What are hydroxide ions necessary for

Answer 25

Catalysis of reactions and pH

Question 26

What are hydrolysis and condensation reactions

Answer 26

Hydrolysis- breaking down using water Condensation- joining up using water

Question 27

Examples of 1 monosaccharide 2 disaccharide 3 polysaccharide

Answer 27

1 glucose fructose ribose 2 lactose sucrose 3 glycogen cellulose starch

Question 28

Structure of alpha

Answer 28

H OH

Question 29

Structure of beta glucose

Answer 29

OH H

Question 30

What bond is formed from glucose molecules

Answer 30

1,4 glycosidic bond from, condensation reactions

Question 31

What are amylose and amylopectin what’s the difference

Answer 31

Polysaccharides made up of glucose and amylose has 1,4 bonds linear and amylopectin has 1,4 and 1,6 and is branched

Question 32

What form is alpha glucose in animals and plants

Answer 32

Animals-glycogen Plants- starch and cellulose

Question 33

What makes amylopectin good for storage

Answer 33

They’re insoluble, branched and compact

Question 34

What is cellulose made of and how does it form

Answer 34

Beta glucose and alternate upside forming straight unbranced

Question 35

What’s the structure of triglyceride

Answer 35

Three fatty acids and glycerol

Question 36

What are the bonds in triglyceride

Answer 36

Ester bonds in condensation reaction

Question 37

Difference between saturated and unsaturated

Answer 37

Saturated only single bonds between carbons

Question 38

What’s the structure of phospholipid

Answer 38

Glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate group

Question 39

What are roles of lipids

Answer 39

Thermal and electrical Insulation, membrane, hormones, waterproofing, energy store

Question 40

What’s the Benedictus test for

Answer 40

Reducing sugars

Question 41

How do you do a Benedicts test

Answer 41

Heat Observe colour change Brick red if reducing sugar Green-yellow-orange- red

Question 42

How to do Benedictus test for non reducing sugar

Answer 42

Heat Dilute with alkaline

Question 43

How to use colorimeter

Answer 43

Calibrate Do benedicts on known conc of glucose Measure % transmission in machine Plot on calibrate graph Repeat

Question 44

What does iodine test for

Answer 44

Starch brown- blue black