2.1.2 - biological molecules

Question 1

what elements are carbohydrates made of

Answer 1

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 2

what elements are lipids made of

Answer 2

carbon hydrogen oxygen (same as carbs)

Question 3

what elements are proteins made of

Answer 3

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur

Question 4

what elements are nucleic acids made of

Answer 4

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus

Question 5

what are monomers

Answer 5

single subunits of life

Question 6

how are polymers formed

Answer 6

by combining monomers using covalent bonds

Question 7

what is a condensation reaction

Answer 7

the formation of polymers from monomers

Question 8

what is the by-product of condensation

Answer 8

water

Question 9

what do the condensation of amino acids produce

Answer 9

proteins

Question 10

what does the condensation of monosaccharides froduce

Answer 10

disaccharides

Question 11

what does the condensation of many disaccharides produce

Answer 11

polysaccharides

Question 12

what does the condensation of fatty acids and monoglycerides produce

Answer 12

lipids

Question 13

what is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 13

the break down of large biological molecules into smaller molecules

Question 14

what does the hydrolysis reaction require

Answer 14

water

Question 15

hydrolysis of proteins produces

Answer 15

amino acids

Question 16

hydrolysis of carbs produce

Answer 16

di/monosaccharides

Question 17

hydrolysis of lipids produces

Answer 17

fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 18

what is a pentose monosaccharide

Answer 18

a monosaccharide with 5 carbons

Question 19

what is a hexose monocsaccharide

Answer 19

a monosaccharide with 6 carbons

Question 20

what kind of monosaccharide is ribose

Answer 20

pentose

Question 21

what kind of monosaccharide is glucose

Answer 21

hexose

Question 22

how is deoxyribose different from ribose

Answer 22

an oxygen is lost from carbon-2

Question 23

alpha and beta glucose are isomers. what are isomers

Answer 23

have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 24

glucose + glucose

Answer 24

maltose

Question 25

glucose + fructose

Answer 25

sucrose

Question 26

glucose + galactose

Answer 26

lactose

Question 27

function of sucrose

Answer 27

common table sugar

Question 28

function of lactose

Answer 28

a sugar found in milk

Question 29

what kind of bonds join together monosaccharides to form polysaccharides

Answer 29

glycosidic bonds

Question 30

what is a glycosidic bond

Answer 30

when OH groups from neighbouring monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction to form an O link between the 2 monosaccharides, with water being released.

Question 31

how do you break a glycosidic bond

Answer 31

a hydrolysis reaction occurs where water is added

Question 32

functions of starch

Answer 32

- main energy storage material in plants - broken down into glucose by plants when they need more energy - acts as a source of food for humans and animals

Question 33

features of starch

Answer 33

- does not change the water potential in a cell because it is insoluble in water - made up of amylopectin and amylose which are both alpha-glucose polysaccharides

Question 34

what is amylopectin

Answer 34

highly branched chain of alpha-glucose monomers

Question 35

why is amylopectin so accessible to enzymes to release energy

Answer 35

the branched structure leaves more free ends so enzymes can access more of it to release glucose molecules

Question 36

what is amylose

Answer 36

linear chain of alpha-glucose monomers

Question 37

what kind of structure of amylose have

Answer 37

a helix structure

Question 38

what kind of glycosidic bonds are for linear chains of alpha glucose

Answer 38

1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 39

what kind of glycosidic bonds are for branches of alpha glucose

Answer 39

1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 40

what is the main storage molecule in plants

Answer 40

starch

Question 41

what is the main storage molecule in animals

Answer 41

glycogen

Question 42

is amylopectin or glycogen more branched

Answer 42

glycogen

Question 43

what happens to glycogen when blood glucose levels decrease

Answer 43

glycogen is broken down to release glucose

Question 44

glucose is soluble in water. Is glycogen also soluble?

Answer 44

no. starch is also insoluble

Question 45

what monomers is cellulose made of

Answer 45

beta glucose monomers

Question 46

how does a 1,4 glycosidic bond form between 2 beta glucoses

Answer 46

every alternate beta glucose flips 180 degrees

Question 47

what stops the linear chains of beta glucoses forming cellulose from spiralling

Answer 47

Hydrogen bonds

Question 48

how many straight chains of H bonds forms a microfibril

Answer 48

60-70

Question 49

how many microfibrils make a macrofibril

Answer 49

around 400

Question 50

functions of cellulose

Answer 50

cell walls of plants are made of cellulose

Question 51

what is the structure of a triglyceride

Answer 51

glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 52

structure of a glycerol

Answer 52

has 3 hydroxyl groups which are used to bond to the fatty acids

Question 53

what is the difference between a saturated and non-saturated fatty acid

Answer 53

unsaturated fatty acids have at least 1 double covalent bond between carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids don't

Question 54

structure of a phospholipid

Answer 54

glycerol bonded to a phosphate ion and 2 fatty acids

Question 55

what part of the phospholipid is polar

Answer 55

the phosphate head

Question 56

is the phospholipid head hydrophobic or philic

Answer 56

hydrophilic

Question 56

what part of the phospholipid is non polar

Answer 56

the tail

Question 57

is the phospholipid tail hydrophobic/philic

Answer 57

hydrophobic

Question 58

what is the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 58

when the heads of the phospholipid position themselves outwards so they touch the water and the tails are on the inside and don't touch the water

Question 59

what reaction occurs when fatty acids react together with glycerol

Answer 59

condensation reaction

Question 60

how many waters are made during esterification

Answer 60

3

Question 61

what is the name of the process where the fatty acids react with the glycerol to form a triglyceride

Answer 61

esterification

Question 62

why are triglycerides good for waterproofing

Answer 62

Triglycerides are non polar so they are hydrophobic and don’t dissolve in water

Question 63

function of triglycerides

Answer 63

- protects organs - used for waterproofing - eg ducks have oils which coat the feathers

Question 64

function of phospholipids

Answer 64

used in the cell membrane

Question 65

what part of the cholesterol is hydrophilic

Answer 65

the hydroxyl group

Question 66

what part of the cholesterol interacts with the hydrophilic head of the phospholipid

Answer 66

the hydroxyl group (the rest of the group reacts with the fatty acid tails)

Question 67

how many different amino acids are there

Answer 67

20

Question 68

what is the general structure of an amino acid

Answer 68

amino group, carboxyl group, r group

Question 69

what part of an amino acid is the same for every amino acid

Answer 69

amine group and the carboxyl group

Question 70

what part of the amino acid is different for all 20 amino acids

Answer 70

the R group

Question 71

what is the name of a bond formed between 2 amino acids

Answer 71

peptide bond

Question 72

what kind of reaction is a peptide bond formed in

Answer 72

condensation

Question 73

where does the condensation reaction to form peptide bonds take place

Answer 73

ribosomes

Question 74

how do you break a peptide bond

Answer 74

by adding water in a hydrolysis reaction

Question 75

what enzymes breaks peptide bonds

Answer 75

protease

Question 76

when is a polypeptide considered a protein

Answer 76

when it has folded into its specific 3D shape.

Question 77

why is water a polar molecule

Answer 77

the oxygen atoms are negatively charged and the hydrogen atoms are positively charged