2.1.2 carbohydrates

Question 1

what are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

Answer 1

C H O

Question 2

what is the monomer for a carbohydrate?

Answer 2

monosaccharide

Question 3

what is the bond in a carbohydrate polymer?

Answer 3

glycosidic bond

Question 4

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 4

alpha glucose has hydroxyl group below first carbon
beta glucose has the hydroxyl group above the first carbon

Question 5

what are other monosaccharides?

Answer 5

galactose
fructose
ribose
deoxyribose

Question 6

name two hexose sugars

Answer 6

galactose
fructose

Question 7

name two pentose sugars

Answer 7

ribose
deoxyribose

Question 8

how do you make a disaccharide?

Answer 8

a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

Question 9

what is maltose made up of?

Answer 9

2 alpha-glucose monosaccharides

Question 10

what is lactose made up of?

Answer 10

an alpha- glucose and a beta-galactose monosaccharide

Question 11

what is sucrose made up of?

Answer 11

an alpha-glucose and a fructose monosaccharide

Question 12

what is cellobiose made up of?

Answer 12

two beta-glucose monosaccharides

Question 13

what type of bond does maltose have?

Answer 13

1, 4 glycosidic bond

Question 14

what type of bond does lactose have?

Answer 14

1, 4 glycosidic bond

Question 15

what is starch a polymer of?

Answer 15

alpha-glucose

Question 16

what type of polysaccharide is starch?

Answer 16

a storage polysaccharide

Question 17

where is starch found?

Answer 17

roots and leaves of plants

Question 18

what is starch made up of?

Answer 18

amylose and amylopectin

Question 19

what is the structure of amylose?

Answer 19

liner chain of alpha glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds which all face the same direction so can coil to form a highly compact globular structure

Question 20

how does the structure help amylose?

Answer 20

highly compact globular structure can store large number of glucose molecules in a small volume of space

Question 21

what is the structure of amylopectin?

Answer 21

alpha- glucose chain
joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
1,4 bonds are the linear chain
1,6 bonds are the side chain

Question 22

how is starch broken down and what is it broken down into?

Answer 22

amylase hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in amylopectin into maltose

Question 23

what is glycogen a polymer of?

Answer 23

alpha-glucose

Question 24

what is glycogen used for?

Answer 24

storage

Question 25

where is glycogen found?

Answer 25

animal cells liver and muscle

Question 26

what are the differences between glycogen and starch?

Answer 26

plant/animal cells glycogen is made of one type of molecule glycogen has 20x more side chains than starch

Question 27

what type of bonds does glycogen have?

Answer 27

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 28

why does glycogen have more side chains than starch?

Answer 28

more enzyme attachment sites faster hydrolysis to release glucose monomers animal cells need more energy more quickly for sprinting, explosive activity and fight/ flight response

Question 29

what is cellulose a polymer of?

Answer 29

beta-glucose

Question 30

where is cellulose found?

Answer 30

cell walls of plants

Question 31

what is the function of cellulose?

Answer 31

structural polymer

Question 32

what does joining beta-glucose monomers together by condensation reactions form?

Answer 32

cellulose fibrils

Question 33

what is the structure of the fibrils?

Answer 33

every other beta-glucose is rotated by 180 degrees

Question 34

why can't beta-glucose form compact structures in cellulose?

Answer 34

1,4 glycosidic bonds face opposite directions which forms rigid, linear structures which are fibrils

Question 35

what are the fibrils joined by?

Answer 35

hydrogen bonds which make macrofibrils that are embedded in the cell wall

Question 36

what pattern are the microfibrils embedded into the cellulose cell wall in?

Answer 36

criss-cross pattern which prevents any points of failure/ weakness in the structure

Question 37

what does the criss-cross pattern of the microfibrils in the cell wall do?

Answer 37

gives cellulose high tensile strength to prevent the cell from bursting when it takes in water by osmosis allows cells to support weight of other cells on top so plants can grow in height