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Perception > Exam 3 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 3 Deck Flashcards

Our last exam before the final !

1
Q

What does RSVP stand for?

A

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)

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2
Q

What is Modified RSVP?

A

When you have two targets instead of one in a steady stream of items

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3
Q

What is the attentional blink?

A

it is the tendency not to perceive or respond to the second target stimuli that has been presented 200-500 miliseconds after the first target stimuli

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4
Q

Explain the ‘Fishing’ Metaphor of the Attentional Blink

A

The things you perceive are like things flowing by in a (dirty) river

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5
Q

Fishing metaphor: What happens when we Catch a Fish?

A

After we catch the fish our ‘net is out of the water’, and we’ll miss any other fish (targets) that come along, can explain attentional blink

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6
Q

Perceiving and Understanding ‘Scenes’

A

we perceive objects at locations within the
environmental context as part of some larger whole
– Collections of objects in the proper spatial relations to each other create “scenes”

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7
Q

Do we have a good picture memory?

A

YES! We’re very good at remembering complex scenes
– In original version, people correctly recognized 98% of 612 pictures as ‘old’
– Still 90% correct a week later
– Can be in the 80 - 90% range with sets as large as 10,000
images

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8
Q

What is change blindness?

A

The failure to notice differences between two images of a scene

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9
Q

A Problem: Saccade Speed

A

• We only make about 3–4 saccades per second
– This is too slow to account for our scene recognition abilities • We can observe more items in a scene than 3 - 4 per
second

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10
Q

What are Covert Attention Shifts?

A

we can move our attention independent of eye movements

– Attention shift without eye movement = covert attention shift

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11
Q

Describe the Scene Mosaic theory

A

• Perhaps attention shifts around a scene faster than eye movements building a collage of objects at locations that make up the scene

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12
Q

What are some problems with the Mosaic Idea?

A

• Requires a larger working memory load than we have
– Larger than the 7±2 working memory capacity
• Experimental results indicate that we can identify a scene in less than an eighth of a second (125 ms)
– Too fast for putting together a bunch of collage pieces

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13
Q

Define: Schema

A

A rough outline of a scene or situation with placeholders for details
– e.g. farm, classroom, mall
– Perhaps identified by a rough spatial frequency analysis

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14
Q

Are we good at recognizing a scene after we see it?

A

Yes, We’re really good at recognizing scenes but we’re really bad at noticing details in a scene. We have ‘placeholders’ for things that ought to be in a scene but don’t fill in those blanks unless needed

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15
Q

Physiology of Object Perception

A

• Some kinds of objects appear to be represented in specific parts of the brain
– e.g. faces appear to be represented in a special part of inferior temporal cortex
• If we’re attending to that kind of object, then that part of the brain should be more active

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16
Q

Define: Change Blindness

A

The failure to notice differences between two images of a scene

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17
Q

How do we extract meaning from scenes?

A

To extract a scene quickly from perceptual elements, we appear attend to the ‘gist’ of the scene and ignore detail
• The ‘gist’ of a scene is its core meaning, what the overall scene is
• Change perception depends on the meaning of the change – If scene meaning stays the same, we don’t notice the
change
• A market is a market, independent of the color of some
guy’s pants

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18
Q

The primary visual cortex is _______ and ______

A

retinotopic (locations close is space are close on the brain) and contralateral (right visual field processed in left hemisphere, LVG in right hemisphere)

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19
Q

What is the physiology of object perception?

A

Some kinds of objects appear to be represented in specific parts of the brain
– e.g. faces appear to be represented in a special part of inferior temporal cortex
• If we’re attending to that kind of object, then that part of the brain should be more active

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20
Q

How do we test the theory of object perception?

A

-Show pictures of faces, places, and control stimuli
• Sometimes ask subject to respond to faces
• Sometimes as to respond to places
• Measure brain activity
• Different parts of the brain light up to faces and places

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21
Q

How do we know it’s Attention not Perception?

A

• The fusiform face area likes faces
– It lights up to a face whether we’re attending to it or not – Could just be face perception
• Solution
– Show combined face/place stimulus
– Have participant attend to face or place but not both
• Same results

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22
Q

What could the individual neurons be doing to create these attention responses?

A

– Response enhancement
– Sharper tuning
– Altered tuning
all of which have been seen and studied

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23
Q

What does the inability to attend to contralesional space result from?

A

posterior parietal lobe damage (usually right

side)

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24
Q

Describe the waterfall illusion:

A

– Stare at a waterfall for a while, then stare at the still rocks beside it
• Rocks will appear to ‘crawl’ upward • After-image of downward motion is up

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25
Q

Why isn’t static perception enough?

A

• Camouflage
– Adaptations to obscure object recognition
• Sometimes motion is the best object cue

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26
Q

Describe the Motion Detector Model:

A

• Two receptors with adjacent receptive fields
• Stimulus (bug, spot of light) enters receptive field of A, then a
little later B
– First A fires, then B
• Motion detector M gets input from A & B – When A & B both fire, then M fires

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27
Q

What is the problem with the motion detector model?

A

It can’t distinguish between a small bug moving between receptive fields and a large bug in both receptive fields at once
– Both will activate A & B, thus activating M

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28
Q

What is a solution for the motion detector model?

A

• Add a ‘delay’ neuron
– Bug goes through receptive field A – A activates ‘delay’ neuron D
• Rapid adapting
• “Holds” the activation
– Later, B gets activated
– Simultaneous activation of D & B activates motion detector

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29
Q

describe the motion detection circut

A

a string of ‘delay’ neurons that can rapidly adapt, are sensitive to direction, one-way, and can also be velocity sensitive

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30
Q

The motion detection circuit exists in the brain through interneurons

A

TRUE

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31
Q

What are some ambiguity issues with motion perception?

A

• ✔ Can’t always tell direction of movement
– Due to aperture & correspondence problems
• Can perceive movement when there’s neither real nor apparent movement
• Can’t always tell what’s moving

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32
Q

What is real motion?

A

an object moving through space

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33
Q

what is apparent motion?

A

something that gives the perception of motion

• Successions of still images can give rise to the perception of motion (animation)

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34
Q

Explain Phi motion

A

– Perception of motion without intermediate positions
• Looks like single dot jumping back and forth
– Happens at fast switch rates (ISIs)

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35
Q

Explain Beta motion

A

– Perception of motion with intermediate positions
• Looks like single dot
– Happens at slower ISIs
– Perceptual system ‘fills in’ missing in-between stimuli
– One dot moving smoothly between two locations

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36
Q

how fast do photos in motion pictures run?

A

24 frames per second

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37
Q

How fast do drawings in animation run?

A

12 frames per second

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38
Q

How fast do computer rendered images in computer animation run?

A

Don’t know, it’s all computer generated so there are no frames

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39
Q

Motion sensitive areas appear to be located in the brain where?

A

in the medial temporal lobe

– Area MT, AKA V5

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40
Q

Define: Akinetopsia

A

inability to perceive motion, occurs in humans who have lesions near V5

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41
Q

Define: First-order motion

A

Object motion defined by luminance change
• As the object moves, reflected or projected light changes locally
– i.e. brightness change

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42
Q

Define: Second Order Motion

A

– Defined by texture change
• Luminance stays the same
• Pattern or texture stays the same

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43
Q

What is involuntary eye movement?

A

small eye jerks to avoid retinal stabilization

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44
Q

What is voluntary eye movement?

A

convergent and divergent movements to focus

-tracking a moving object (smooth eye pursuit)

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45
Q

What are saccades?

A

rapid eye movements to change the location of fixation

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46
Q

Why doesn’t the world jerk around as our eyes move?

A

Saccadic suppression. The visual system shuts down visual processing during a saccade

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47
Q

What are the 3 pairs of muscles that move the eyes?

A 
– Obliques
• Superior & Inferior
– Rectus
• Superior & Inferior 
• Medial & Lateral
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48
Q

Why doesn’t the world seem to move when we move our eyes?

A

A ‘copy’ of the eye movement motor program is sent to a ‘comparator’
– Compares visual scene changes with eye movement changes and compensates perceptual system for retinal image changes caused by eye movements

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49
Q

What is optic flow?

A

a perceptual flow of object representations around us

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50
Q

Time To Collision and Tau

A

• As we approach something, it’s retinal projection gets bigger • The ratio of the retinal image size to the rate of its expansion
is Tao
– Provides good estimate of how fast something is
approaching based on fast calculation from retinal image size alone
• Don’t have to know anything about the object

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51
Q

What is sound?

A

compressed and rarified air radiating away from a vibrating source

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52
Q

What is amplitude?

A

the height of peaks of sound waves

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53
Q

What is wavelength or frequency?

A

how close together the peaks (amplitude) are

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54
Q

T/F: Sound travels faster than light

A

FALSE: Sound travels slower than light, which is why you see lightning before you hear thunder

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55
Q

T/F: Sound travels fastest through less dense substances

A

FALSE: travels faster through denser substances

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56
Q

T/F: As distance from the source becomes greater, the pressure wave pattern stays the same

A

TRUE

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57
Q

T/F:Amplitude decreases because the pressure is spread over a larger area

A

TRUE

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58
Q

What is pressure amplitude?

A

maximum amount of change from

atmospheric pressure caused by given sound

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59
Q

Name four pure sine wave tones

A
  • 20 Hz
  • 27.5 Hz
  • 200 Hz
  • 261 Hz
  • 391 Hz
  • 522 Hz
  • 1044 Hz
  • 4000 Hz
  • 5000 Hz
  • 10,000 Hz
60
Q

T/F: We always hear pure sine waves

A

FALSE: environmental sounds are usually complex tones and are a combination of sine waves

61
Q

What is Fourier Decomposition?

A

When a complex waveform is broken back down into its component sine waves

62
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

– Outer ear
– Middle ear
– Inner ear

63
Q

What are the three parts of the outer ear?

A

• Pinna
– Collects sound and channels down auditory canal • Auditory canal
– Amplifies auditory frequency ranges
– Protects inner parts of ear from exposure • Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
– Boundary between outer and middle ear

64
Q

What are the two part of the middle ear?

A

• Bones
– Efficiently translate sound energy from air medium (outer ear) to fluid medium (inner ear)
– Direct air-to-fluid would result in a large amplitude loss
– Solid in-between make more efficient transfer
• Muscles
– Tense in presence of loud sounds – Protects inner ear

65
Q

What are the structures in the inner ear?

A 
•  Cochlea
•  Three membranes 
– Reissner's 
– Tectorial
– Basilar
•  Organ of Corti
– Sits on top of basilar membrane 
– Consists of specialized neurons
• Hair cells
66
Q

What are the three canals in the cochlea called?

A

– Vestibular canal
– Middle canal
– Tympanic canal

67
Q

Where does the tympanic canal connect to the vestibular canal?

A

at the helicotrema

68
Q

Name the 3 membranes in the inner ear

A 
– Reissner's
• Between vestibular & middle canals
– Basilar
• Between tympanic & middle (bottom)
– Tectorial
• Between tympanic & middle (top)
69
Q

What is the cochlea like?

A

– Rolled-up structure
– Hollow with three channels inside
• Note cross section – Channels filled with fluid
• Vibrating in the presence of sound

70
Q

Explain the Organ of Corti and what it does

A

• Contain the Hair Cells called Stereocillia
• The ‘hairs’ of the hair cells
• Rest against (and partially embedded in) the tectorial
membrane
– The axons of the hair cells comprise the auditory nerve
help you hear!

71
Q

T/F: There are ion channels in the hair cells in the inner ear

A

TRUE

72
Q

T/F: The basilar membrane is not flexible

A

FALSE! It is very flexible, like a bedspread or a tin sheet

73
Q

How does traveling waves affect the basilar membrane ?

A

• Air pressure changes are translated via bone & fluid into traveling waves in the basilar membrane
– Air vibrates eardrum
– Eardrum vibrates middle ear bones
– Middle ear bones create waves of vibration in inner ear fluid – Inner ear fluid vibrates basilar membrane, creating wave

74
Q

What happens to the hair when the basilar membrane moves?

A

• As the basilar membrane moves it exerts a shearing force on the cilia resting against the tectorial membrane above it
– Membrane up, shears one direction
– Membrane down, shears the other
• Corresponds to phases of the sound wave cycle
– The waves of compressed and rarified air

75
Q

When the hair cells are at rest, cells are ______ firing

A

medium

76
Q

When hair cells are sheared over in one direction, the cells will ____________ firing

A

increase

77
Q

When the hair cells are cheated over in the opposite direction, the hair cells will _________ firing.

A

reduce

78
Q

What are the cilia of the inner hair cells attached to each other with?

A

tip links

79
Q

T/F: There is no such thing as “auditory transduction”

A

FALSE! Auditory transduction is how the hair follicles in the basilar membrane send signals to the brain

80
Q

How does auditory transduction work?

A

• As the hair cells shear, ion channels open and close in the hair cells. allowing K+ and Ca++ to enter the hair cell
• Ion flow changes in hair cells cause de- and hyper-polarization of the hair cells
• Changes firing rate in auditory nerve
– And that’s auditory transduction

81
Q

T/F: We can perceive frequencies higher than the fastest rate neurons can fire

A

TRUE!

82
Q

T/F: Sound waves have phase

A

true: – Same frequency
– Same amplitude
– ‘up’ and ‘down’ parts of wave are offset in time

83
Q

T/F: Some neurons respond to specific parts of the waveform

A

TRUE

84
Q

The neurons that respond to specific parts of the waveform are called

A

phase-locked neurons

85
Q

What is differential phase locking?

A

when different neurons can respond to different parts of the waveform

86
Q

T/F: the pattern of firing across a group of neurons can code
any frequency

A

true

87
Q

define: distributed representation

A

a population of

neurons that fire in a pattern

88
Q

What structures are included in the auditory pathway?

A 
•  Cochlear nucleus
•  Superior olives
– Both ipsi- & contralateral
•  Inferior colliculus – Auditory tectum
•  Medial geniculate nucleus – Thalamus
•  Posterior superior temporal gyrus – Cortical area A1
89
Q

What is the cochlear nuclei used for?

A

sound onset, (has rapidly adapting neurons ), frequency response sharpening (via lateral inhibition) and some simple relay

90
Q

What do the superior olives do?

A

Timing and amplitude differences for sound localization

91
Q

Transmission fibers from cochlear neuclei & olives travel via the

A

lateral leminiscus

92
Q

The inferior colliculus does what?

A

auditory orienting

93
Q

What does the Medial geniculate nucleus do?

A

– Auditory thalamic relay nucleus

– Cortical control of input

94
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex called?

A

A1

95
Q

Where is A1 located?

A

posterior portion of superior temporal

96
Q

What do the secondary and tertiary auditory cortexes respond to?

A

complex sounds

97
Q

What structures are included in the auditory pathway?

A 
•  Cochlear nucleus
•  Superior olives
– Both ipsi- & contralateral
•  Inferior colliculus – Auditory tectum
•  Medial geniculate nucleus – Thalamus
•  Posterior superior temporal gyrus – Cortical area A1
98
Q

What do the superior olives do?

A

Timing and amplitude differences for sound localization

98
Q

What is differential phase locking?

A

when different neurons can respond to different parts of the waveform

98
Q

T/F: the pattern of firing across a group of neurons can code
any frequency

A

true

98
Q

define: distributed representation

A

a population of

neurons that fire in a pattern

98
Q

What is the cochlear nuclei used for?

A

sound onset, (has rapidly adapting neurons ), frequency response sharpening (via lateral inhibition) and some simple relay

98
Q

A1 responds to _____ tones

A

simple

100
Q

T/F: the auditory pathway is less primitive than the visual system

A

false, the auditory pathway is more primitive than the visual system

101
Q

Why does the brain stem have so many nuclei for the auditory system?

A

Because unlike the visual system that can use retinotopy to provide location information, the auditory system only have the two points (ears) to provide location info, so they need a little extra help

102
Q

How can we gather location information from timing phase and amplitude?

A

time onset of a sound will impact ears because the sound will fall on one side of the head sooner than the other, helping your brain locate the sound. The head also acts a buffer, so the amplitude of a sound will be affected traveling from one ear to another.

103
Q

What does ITD stand for?

A

Interaural time difference

104
Q

Define: Interaural Time Difference (ITD)

A

Difference in onset time is due to the longer distance a sound has to travel to reach the more distant ear

105
Q

What are the degrees of azimuth?

A

The measure of how far something is from midline (remember the circle with you in the middle)
MIDLINE = 0

106
Q

The degrees of azimuth are positive when they are going in ___________ direction

A

clockwise (up to 180 degrees)

107
Q

The degrees of azimuth are negative when they are going ___________

A

counterclockwise (up to 180 degrees)

108
Q

timing difference works best for what type of sounds?

A

low frequency sounds, because at high frequency there isn’t enough phase difference to detect

109
Q

Amplitude difference works better for what type of sounds?

A

High frequency sounds

110
Q

What does ILD stand for?

A

Interaural Level Difference

111
Q

Define Interaural Level Difference

A

the ability for the head to muffle the sound from a source on the opposite side of the head

112
Q

Sounds on the ___ have no ILD

A

midline

113
Q

ILD: If the sound if off the midline, then the sounds will be lower amplitude at the ear on the _________ side of the head from the sound

A

opposite

114
Q

The _______ the degrees of azimuth, the greater the ILD

A

greater

115
Q

ILD works best for ________ frequencies

A

higher

116
Q

Where is the first place in the brain that has binaural input?

A

the Superior Olives

117
Q

Where is the ITD computed in the Superior Olives?

A

the medial superior olivary nucleus

118
Q

Where is the ILD computer in the Superior Olives?

A

the lateral superior olivary nucleus

119
Q

The cone of confusion is what?

A

places in space where all sounds are produced at the same time and density between both ears. (0 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees and 120 degrees)

120
Q

Why aren’t the ILD curves exactly the same at the 60 & 120 degree levels?

A

because the ears aren’t shaped the same at the front

and back

121
Q

What are the functions of the Pinna?

A 
– Funnel sound down the ear canal 
– Change the amplitude of sounds
• Front to back
– Reduces front to back ambiguity
• Top to bottom
– Reduces top to bottom ambiguity
122
Q

What is the auditory equivalent to the “haze” effect in vision?

A

The low and muffled sounds something makes when it is far away from you

123
Q

T/F: Sounds can come from multiple directions?

A

True!

124
Q

T/F: Sounds from close sources have a greater chance to

bounce off of things

A

False, they have less of a chance to bounce off things. Sounds far away have a greater opportunity to bounce off objects.

125
Q

T/F: Owls and Cats both make “maps” of an area by its sounds so they can locate prey

A

True

126
Q

The mapping in A1 is _______

A

tonotopic

127
Q

What is happens during tonotopic mapping?

A

Frequencies close to each other are coded next to each other on the basilar membrane, Projection fibers stay next to each other through the auditory system, Frequencies (sound pitches) close to each other are represented close to each other in the brain. EVERYTHING STAYS CLOSE TOGETHER

128
Q

T/F: A2 neurons respond better to complex stimuli

A

TRUE

129
Q

Explain what RSVP is

A

– Present stream of items, one at a time, at fixation, very
quickly (e.g. one every 100 ms)
– Make items distinct from one another (e.g. letters and
numbers)
– Have participants respond to one category of the items (e.g.
the numbers) while ignoring the others

130
Q

T/F: The differences that occur during an instance of change blindness can be fairly large and important, yet we often fail to perceive them.

A

TRUE

131
Q

____________ is fixing your eyes on one thing but attending to another thing in your surroundings without actually moving your eyes

A

covert attention

132
Q

Reading a book but being aware that there are peopling talking around you in a coffee shop is an example of

A

Divided attention

133
Q

Watching the pot to note the exact moment that the water starts boiling is and example of

A

sustained attention

134
Q

Picking one of few stimuli out of many stimuli is called

A

selective attention

135
Q

Define: response enhancement

A

an effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus gives a bigger response. Example: making a cell more responsive across the board because it is maximally responsive to vertical lines

136
Q

Define: sharper tuning

A

when a cell becomes more precisely tuned, and would make it easier for a neuron to find a weak vertical signal amid the noise

137
Q

What kind of problems do people face when they have a lesion in the right parietal lobe?

A

they have problems directing attention to objects and places on their left

138
Q

What is neglect?

A

Neglect is a disorder that is characterized by patients believing that part of the world is not there. If asked to explain something in the left visual field, patients will explain objects to the right and ignore the left.

139
Q

What is extinction?

A

when you can visually attend to something in either right or left field of vision, but if there is something in both of them, you can’t see the stimulus in the ipsilesional field

140
Q

What is simultagnosia?

A

The inability to perceive more than one thing at a time

141
Q

What are some symptoms of Balint syndrome?

A
  1. spatial localization abilities are greatly reduced, patients can’t reach for things very well
  2. patients with this disorder don’t move their eyes much, they usually stare ahead
  3. they behave as if they can only see one object at a time
142
Q

an example of inattentional blindness, (when a stimulus that would be easy to recognize if it was being attended to) is

A

the gorilla / basketball experiment.

Perception (6 decks)

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