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Fall Sem 2022 > 2141 > Flashcards

2141 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Data

A

Raw representation of facts

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2
Q

Information

A

data put into context (patterns trends relationships)

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3
Q

Knowledge

A

Application of data and information. (patterns, assumptions, theories experience

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4
Q

How does accurate, relevant and timely information interact with organizational survival?

A

It leads to good descision making which in turn leads to success in global organizational survival

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5
Q

Three types of file systems

A

Manual, computerized and modern end-user productivity tools (think microsoft excel)

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6
Q

Field

A

A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific meaning. A field is used to define or store data

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7
Q

Record

A

A connected set of fields that describes a person place or thing. (think row in a data table)

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8
Q

File

A

A collection of related records (think column in a database)

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9
Q

Problems with file systems

A
  • lengthy development time
  • difficulty of getting quick answers
  • complex system administration
  • Lack of security and limited data sharing
  • Extensive programming
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10
Q

Structural dependence

A

Access to a file is dependent on its structure. This means all file system programs need to be modified to conform to a new file structure

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11
Q

Structural independence

A

File structure can be changed without affecting the applications (or file system programs) ability to access data –> this is good

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12
Q

Data dependence

A

Data access changes when data storage characteristics change

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13
Q

Data independence

A

Data storage characteristic is changed without affecting the programs ability to access data

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14
Q

Data redundancy

A

Unnecessarily storing same data at different places leads to poor security, inconsistency, and data entry errors

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15
Q

Islands of information

A

Scattered data locations

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16
Q

Data anomaly

A

develops when not all the required changes in the redundant data are made successfully

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17
Q

Types of data anomaly

A

Update anomalies, Insertion anomalies and Deletion anomalies

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18
Q

Database

A

a shared integrated computer structure that stores a collection of end user data, metadata and

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19
Q

Meta data

A

Data about data describes data relationships and characteristics

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20
Q

Database management system (DBMS)

A

Collection of programs that controls access to data stored in a database and manages its structure

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21
Q

Data management

A

Process of acquiring, storing and retrieving data (addition, deletion and modification)

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22
Q

What two kinds of data does a database contain

A

End user data craw facts) and metadata

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23
Q

Advantages of a DBMS

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A

Improved data sharing, data security, integration, access and minimized data inconsistency

24
Q

Data inconsistency

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A

A condition in which different versions of the same data yield different (inconsistent) results

25
Query
A question/task from the end user or application to the DBMS (in the form of an SQL code)
26
Ad hoc query
A spur of the moment question
27
Query result set
The DBMS response to a query. Typically en the form of a collection of data rows
28
Data quality
A comprehensive approach to ensuring the accuracy validity and timelines of data
29
Single user database us multiuser
A database that supports one vs multiple concurrent users (no way)
30
Desktop vs. Work group database
Desk top → single user runs on a personal computer Workgroup → multiple users (fewer than 50) usually used for a specific department or organization
31
Database Enterprise
One step up from a workgroup data base supports more than 50 users, typically an entire organization
32
Centralized vs distributed database
Centralized located at one single site Distributed → logically related database stored in two or more physically independent sites
33
General purpose database vs discipline specific database
GP → contains wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines DP → contains data focused on specific subject areas
34
Operational / online transaction processing (oltp) / transactional / production database
All terms referring to the same thing: A database designed to primarily support a company's day to day operations
35
Analytical database
A daterbased used to stove historical data and business metrics used f for strategic/ tactical decision making
36
Two main components of an analytic database
Date warehouse → stones data in a format optimized for descision making Online analytic processing (olap) → took for retrieving processing and modelling data from a data warehouse
37
Business intelligence
A set of tools and processes used to capture, collect process, store and analyze business data for descision making
38
Structured unstructured and semi structured data
Unstructured exists their original state, structured results from formatting and format is applied based on type of processing to be performed. Semi structured is processed to someextent
39
Extensible markup language (XML)
Represents dater elements in textual format → it is a metalanguage
40
Database design
The second stage of the database life cycle → process that yields the description of the database structure and thus determines the database components Essentially just the design of database structure that will be used to store and manage end-user data
41
A well designed database..
Facilitates data management and generates accurate and valuable information → No difficult to trace errors
42
Evolution of file system data processing
From manual file Systems to computerized file systems to end user productivity tools
43
Transaction
A sequence of database requests that access a database s A transaction is a logical unit of work. This means it must be either entirely completed or aborted
44
What properties must all transactions have?
Atomicity → All or nothing Consistency → any transaction brings the database from one valid state to another Isolation → Data undergoing a transaction cannot undergo another transaction until the first is finished which is especially useful for multiuser databases Durability → once a transaction has been committed it will remain so, even in the event of a power loss, crash or breakdown.
45
Base model
Usually employed by no SQL databases, this model favours availability over consistency Basic availability → system guarantees availability as regards to the cap theorem (consistency, availability and partition) Soft state → system state could change over time even without input due to eventual consistency - Eventual consistency → system will eventually become consistent when it stops receiving input
46
Database vs. A file
A database is better for storing structured dater and more of it with well defined data formats A file is for more arbitrary unstructured data
47
Entity in data modelling
Something representing a particular type of object in the real world → each entity occurrence is distinguishable Eg) a customer entity would contain customer occurrences
48
Atribute in data modelling
A characteristic of an entity
49
Relationships in data modelling
Describes the association among entities
50
Three kinds of data modeling relationships
One to many 1:m Many to many m:n One to one 1:1
51
Data constraint
A role put into place to ensure data integrity
52
Business rule
A description of a policy procedure or principle within an organization Helps standardize the companies View of data Can be a communication tool between users and designers
53
Which two questions should you ask in data modelling to properly identify the relationship type?
How many instances of A are related to one instance of B How many instances of B are related to one instance of A
54
Conceptual data model
Provides a global View of the entire database and describes the main objects avoiding detail
55
The physical data model
This one operates on the lowest level of abstraction this model is both hardware and software dependent
56
Logical model

Fall Sem 2022 (4 decks)

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