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Animal Learning > Quiz on Chapters 5 and 10 > Flashcards

Quiz on Chapters 5 and 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to delayed conditioning, simultaneous conditioning _____.

a. produces stronger conditioning effects.
b. produces weaker conditioning effects.
c. produces the same amount of conditioning.
d. always results in a strong conditioning effect.

A

p. 67

b. produces weaker conditioning effects.

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2
Q

What is the name given to the Pavlovian conditioning procedure where the CS is presented at the same time as the US on each trial?

a. Trace conditioning
b. Delayed conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backwards conditioning

A

p. 67

c. Simultaneous conditioning

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3
Q

What is the name given to the Pavlovian conditioning procedure where the CS is presented slightly before the US on each trial?

a. Trace conditioning
b. Delayed conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backwards conditioning

A

p. 67

b. Delayed conditioning

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4
Q

In an experiment, a tone CS is presented. Following the onset of the tone, but before the tone is terminated, a food pellet US is presented. This is an experiment in ______.

a. Trace conditioning
b. Delayed conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backwards conditioning

A

p. 67

b. Delayed conditioning

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5
Q

What is the major difference between trace conditioning and delayed conditioning?

a. A trace interval is used in trace conditioning.
b. A delayed CS is used in delayed conditioning.
c. The CS is presented after the US in delayed conditioning.
d. The CS is presented after the US in trace conditioning.

A

p. 67-8

a. A trace interval is used in trace conditioning.

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6
Q

In a conditioned suppression experiment conducted by Kamin (1965) using a 3-minute tone CS and a brief foot-shock US,

a. the delay conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the simultaneous group.
b. the delay conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the trace conditioning group.
c. the trace conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the delay conditioning group.
d. the timing of the CS and US had no effect on conditioning.

A

p. 68

c. the trace conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the delay conditioning group.

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7
Q

The introduction of a gap between the CS and the US ____.

a. usually increases the degree of conditioned responding that develops.
b. can drastically reduce the degree of conditioned responding that develops.
c. has no effect on the degree of conditioned responding that develops.
d. results in no conditioned responding.

A

p. 68

b. can drastically reduce the degree of conditioned responding that develops.

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8
Q

The interstimulus interval is best described as the interval between _______.

a. the end of the CS and the beginning of the US.
b. the beginning of the CS and the beginning of the US.
c. the beginning of the CS and the end of the US.
d. the end of the CS and the end of the US.

A

p. 68

b. the beginning of the CS and the beginning of the US.

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9
Q

The nictitating membrane is _____.

a. involved in the development of cigarette addiction.
b. the home of many receptors for nicotine.
c. a secondary eyelid present in many species.
d. All of the above are correct.

A

p. 69

c. a secondary eyelid present in many species

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10
Q

In rabbits, the CS-US interval that will likely lead to the strongest conditioning of the nictitating membrane response is _____.

a. 0.35 sec.
b. 1.0 sec.
c. 3.5 sec.
d. 0.2-0.5 min.

A

p. 69

d. 0.2-0.5 min.

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11
Q

In conditioned suppression experiments, strong learning can occur with CS-US intervals as long as _____.

a. a few seconds.
b. a few minutes.
c. a few hours.
d. several days.

A

p. 69

b. a few minutes.

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12
Q

The longest effective CS-US intervals are typically found with ______.

a. nictitating membrane response conditioning.
b. conditioned suppression.
c. taste aversion learning.
d. autoshaping.

A

p. 69

c. taste aversion learning.

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13
Q

The blocking effect was first demonstrated experimentally by ______.

a. Pavlov
b. Wagner
c. Kamin
d. Rescorla

A

p. 71

c. Kamin

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14
Q

The blocking effect demonstrates that _____ between a CS and a US _____ the formation of an association between the CS and the US.

a. the informational relation; does not affect
b. the delay; must be long for
c. temporal contiguity; is not sufficient for
d. temporal contiguity; is necessary for

A

p. 72

c. temporal contiguity; is not sufficient for

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15
Q

A situation where p(US/CS)>p(US/noCS) represents ____.

a. a negative contingency
b. a positive contingency
c. a perfect negative contingency
d. a perfect positive contingency

A

p. 72

d. a perfect positive contingency

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16
Q 
A situation where p(US/CS)=p(US/noCS) represents \_\_\_\_\_.
a. a negative contingency
a positive contingency
c. backwards conditioning
d. zero contingency
A

p. 73

d. zero contingency

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17
Q

A negative contingency is best represented by _____.

a. p(US/CS) = p(US/noCS)
b. p(US/CS) < p(US/noCS)
c. p(US/CS) > p(US/noCS)
d. None of the above are corrrect

A

p. 72-73 ??? The question didn’t say “perfect”

b. p(US/CS) < p(US/noCS)

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18
Q

The main difference between excitatory conditioning procedures and inhibitory conditioning procedures is that in inhibitory conditioning _______.

a. the US becomes a signal for the absence of the CS.
b. the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US.
c. the CS becomes a signal for the impending presentation of the US.
d. the US becomes a signal for the impending presentation of the CS.

A

p. 74

b. the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US.

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19
Q

In a standard conditioned inhibition procedure, inhibitory conditioning trials are represented by _____.

a. A+
b. A-
c. AB+
d. AB-

A

p. 76

d. AB-

20
Q

In a standard conditioned inhibition procedure, the absence of the US is meaningful _____.

a. if the US is a tone
b. only if the US was presented on the preceding conditioning trial
c. if the US fails to occurs when it is not expected
d. if the US fails to occur when it is expected

A

p. 75

d. if the US fails to occur when it is expected

21
Q

A tone is paired with the presentation of a food pellet to a hungry rat on some conditioning trials. On other trials, the tone and a light are presented in the absence of food. Which of the following would likely occur?

a. No conditioning will occur.
b. The light will acquire inhibitory properties.
c. The tone will become a conditioned inhibitor.
d. The food will become a conditioned inhibitor.

A

p. 75-6

b. The light will acquire inhibitory properties

22
Q

A tone is paired with the presentation of a food pellet to a hungry rat on some conditioning trials. On other trials, the tone and a light are presented in the absence of food. This is an example of _____.

a. a negative CS-US contingency procedure
b. a standard conditioned inhibition procedure
c. the blocking effect
d. the retardation-of-acquisition test

A

p. 75-6

b. a standard conditioned inhibition procedure

23
Q

In an experiment, a red light is paired with the presentation of grain to a hungry pigeon on half of all conditioning trials. During other trials, a blue light is presented alone. This is an example of _____.

a. a negative CS-US contingency procedure
b. a standard conditioned inhibition procedure
c. the summation test
d. the retardation of acquisition test

A

p. 76

a. a negative CS-US contingency procedure

24
Q

The summation test for conditioned inhibition _____.

a. involves the use of several types of conditioned responses
b. is not really a test of conditioned inhibition because only one type of US is used
c. is useful when the baseline rate of responding is very low.
d. is useful when the baseline rate of responding is very high.

A

p. 77

c. is useful when the baseline rate of responding is very low.??

25
Q

The test based on the assumption that conditioned inhibitory properties will interfere with the conditioning of excitatory properties to a stimulus is the _____ test.

a. excitatory interference
b. differential inhibition
c. retardation-of-acquisition
d. summation

A

pg. 79

c. retardation-of-acquisition

26
Q

Which of the following statements regarding conditioned inhibition procedures and conditioned facilitation procedures is NOT correct?

a. Both procedures involve the use of one US and at least two CSs.
b. the US only occurs in the presence of a single CS in conditioned inhibition.
c. the US only occurs in the presence of two CSs in conditioned facilitation.
d. The outcome of conditioned inhibition procedures is that subjects respond more in the presence of both CSs.

A

p. 79-81
d. The outcome of conditioned inhibition procedures is that subjects respond more in the presence of both CSs…or b? Confused

27
Q

One of the hallmark features of extinction is that it dissipates over times. The phenomenon can lead to _____.

a. forgetting
b. devaluation
c. spontaneous recovery
d. All of the above are correct

A

p. 154

c. spontaneous recovery

28
Q

Which of the following statements about extinction is correct?

a. Extinction can involve no longer presenting the reinforcer as a consequence of the instrumental response.
b. Extinction can involve repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without he US.
c. Extinction is not the same thing as forgetting.
d. All of the above are correct

A

p. 153

d. All of the above are correct

29
Q

The phenomena of spontaneous recovery and the renewal effect are important to the study of learning because they show that _____.

a. forgetting is responsible for extinction
b. extinction results in the unlearning of conditioned behavior.
c. extinction is not simply the opposite of acquisition.
d. suppression of conditioned responding is permanent and cannot be reversed.

A

p. 153

c. extinction is not simply the opposite of acquisition.

30
Q

Spontaneous recovery occurs _____.

a. in both Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning.
b. In Pavlovian conditioning only.
c. In instrumental conditioning only.
d. only when an aversive reinforcer is used.

A

pg. 154

a. in both Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning.

31
Q

Mark Bouton and colleagues are credited with identifying _____.

a. renewal
b. extinction
c. spontaneous recovery
d. reinstatement

A

p.154

A. renewal

32
Q

The recovery of excitatory responding to an extinguished stimulus produced by exposures to the unconditioned stimulus is called _____.

a. renewal
b. extinction
c. spontaneous recovery
d. reinstatement

A

p. 157

d. reinstatement

33
Q

A phobia that is extinguished in the context of a therapist’s office can easily return when the client returns home. This is an example of ______.

a. renewal
b. extinction
c. spontaneous recovery
d. reinstatement

A

pg. 154

a. renewal

34
Q

Responses that are extinguished during the course of therapeutic intervention can recur if the individual encounters the unconditioned stimulus again. This is an example of _____.

a. renewal
b. extinction
c. spontaneous recovery
d. reinstatement

A

pg. 157

d. reinstatement

35
Q

True or false: Simultaneous conditoning is not as effective as delayed conditioning

A

True

36
Q

Extinction is not the same as forgetting. Why?

A

Extinction is the process of learning not to respond to the CS. The person is inhibiting the response rather than decaying the memory of association between the two, and the inhibition process is only temporary. Spontaneous recovery, renewal, and reinstatement partial explanations
(Ex. You haven’t forgotten the turmoil you went through when your girlfriend broke up with you in high school, but when you think about her now, you don’t have an emotional reaction anymore. The old association is still intact, but your reaction to it has become extinct

37
Q

List 4 factors that influence the speed of learning an association between the CS and US.

A
  1. CS-US Order and timing(contiguity)
  2. CS-US Contingency
  3. CS-US Natural relevance
  4. CS-US Perceptual salience
38
Q

List three types of ordered pairings. Indicate whether excitatory, inhibitory or no conditioning occurs under each type of pairing.

A
  1. Forward pairings (CS–>US)
    - excitatory
  2. Simultaneous pairings (CS=US)
    - none
  3. Backward pairings (US–>CS)
    - inhibitory
39
Q

List three forms of forward order pairings. Which one works best (results in fastest conditioning)?

A
  1. Short delay pairings (fastest/work best)
  2. Long delay pairings (slow conditioning down)
  3. Trace pairings (conditioning is slow, just like in long delay)
40
Q

In 1967, a scientist proposed that higher animals actually learn about the contingent relation between CS and US events in classical conditioning. He said that contingency is at least, if not more, important than contiguity in learning an association between CS and US events. What scientist proposed this contingency theory of classical conditioning?

A

Robert Rescorla

41
Q

_____ quantifies the contingent relation between two discrete events (such as a CS occurring or not occurring on a trial and the US occurring or not occurring on a trial.)

A

Delta P

42
Q

What is evidence that extinction is simply learning to withhold/inhibit the response rather than forgetting what to do?

A

Reacquisition is faster than original learning

43
Q

When reading a stimulus generalization gradient of excitation, which of the following statements would be true?
A. A steep slope between adjacent stimuli implies discrimination between the stimuli.
B. A shallow slope between adjacent stimuli implies generalization between the stimuli.
C. A shallow slope between adjacent stimuli implies discrimination between the stimuli.
D. Both A and B are correct.

A

D. Both A and B are correct.

44
Q

What is the name of the imitation phenomenon in which a nonpoisonous species evolves characteristics of poisonous species, making it very difficult for predators to perceptually discriminate between safe and poisonous prey?

A

Bateson Mimicry

45
Q

A Jay bird with a taste aversion to Monarch Butterflies(poisonous), generalizes that aversion to include Viceroy butterflies (nonpoisonous), which are similar in appearance. What phenomenon does this exemplify?

A

Bateson Mimicry

Animal Learning (7 decks)

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