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Pharmacology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

An acute severe asthma attack

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2
Q

What treatment should be given in status asthmaticus?

A 
Oxygen
Nebulise salbutamol
IV hydrocortisone
Aminophylline or Magnesium
Oral prednisolone
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3
Q

When should a steroid be given in asthma?

A

When control is inadequate on steroid alone ie. using more than once daily or nightime symptoms

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4
Q

Name a SABA

A

Salbutamol

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5
Q

Name two LABAs?

A

Salmeterol

Formoterol

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6
Q

What are the side effects of a B2 adrenoceptor agonist?

A

Desensitisation and endocytosis
Fine tremor
tachycardia

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7
Q

Name two CysLT1 receptor antagonist?

A

Montelukast

Zafirlukast

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8
Q

Name two Xanthines?

A

Theophylline

Aminophyline

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9
Q

When should a xanthine be used?

A

If LABA not working

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10
Q

What are the side effects of xanthines>

A

nausea
vomiting
abdominal discomfort
headache

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11
Q

Whee are corticosteroids produced in the body?

A

Adrenal cortex

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12
Q

What are the effects of glucocorticoids?

A

decreases inflammatory responses

decreases immunological responses

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13
Q

What other effects do glucocorticoids have on metabolism?

A 
increases glycogen depositions
increases gluconeogenesis
increases glucose output from liver
decreases gluose utilisation
increases bone metabolism
increases gastric acid and pepsin sectrection
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14
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid in the body?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

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15
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid in the body>

A

Aldosterone

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16
Q

Why are synthetic dericitates of cortisol useful>

A

Have little mineralcorticoid effect

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17
Q

Name to glucocorticoids

A

Beclometasone

Prednisolone

18
Q

What drugs can be used to treat the inflammatory component of asthma?

A

Xanthines
Glucocorticoids
Cromolins (rarely)
Monoclonal antibodies (expensive)

19
Q

Name two SAMA’s

A

Ipratropium

Oxitropium

20
Q

Name two LAMA’s

A

Tiotropium

Aclidinium

21
Q

Why is there little systemic absorption of muscarinic antagonists?

A

Quaternary ammonium group

22
Q

Name the non selective muscarinic blocker

A

Ipratropium

23
Q

Name an M3 selective agent

A

Tiotropium

Alcidinium

24
Q

What are the effects of SAMAs and LAMAs

A

Relax bronchospasm caused by irritant stimuli
Decrease mucus secretion
Palliative- little effect of progression of disease

25
Q

Why is tiotropium superor to iprotripium?

A

Greater half life at M3 receptors

26
Q

Why is block of M2 not desirable?

A

Causes release of Ach

27
Q

Name an ‘ultra LABA’

A

indacaterol

28
Q

What is the most effective treatment dor COPD?

A

smoking cessation
LABA/LAMA combination
Salmeterol/tiotropium

29
Q

What other drugs can be used to treat COPD?

A

PDE4 inhibitors eg Rofumilast
Oral theophylline
Corticosteroids in severe cases or exacerbations

30
Q

What glucocorticoids can be used in rhinitis?

A

Beclometasone
Fluticasone
Prednisolone (oral)

31
Q

What are the effects of anti histamines?

A 
Antagonists of H1 receptors
Reduce effects of mast cell derived histamine
Vasodilation
Activation of sensory nerves
Mucus secretion
32
Q

Name an intra nasal anti histamine?

A

Azelastine

33
Q

Give examples of second generation anti histamines?

A

Loratidine
Fexofenadine
Cetirizine
These do not cross blood brain barrier so do not sedate

34
Q

What muscarinic antagonist can be used in rhinitis?

A

Ipratropium

35
Q

What are the effects of vasoconstrictors in rhinitis?

A

Mimic noradrenaline
Decrease swelling
Act on alpha 1 adrenoceptors

36
Q

Name an vasoconstrictor

A

Oxymetazoline

37
Q

Why is it not recommended to give a vasoconstrictor for more than a few days?

A

Increases nasal congestion upon discontinuation (rhinitis medicamentosa) due to desenisization

38
Q

What is a side effect of using an anticholinergic in rhinitis?

A

Dry nose

39
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have in rhinitis

A

reduce all symptoms including congestion

40
Q

What effect do anti histamines have on rhinitis?

A

Dont really affect congestion

Help all other symptoms

41
Q

What affect do ant cholinegic drugs have in rhinitis?

A

Help reduce rhinnorhoea

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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