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Human Locomotor Systems > Shoulder And Arm - Bones And Muscles > Flashcards

Shoulder And Arm - Bones And Muscles Flashcards

0
Q

Which end of the clavicle is medial? Which end is lateral? What is one main tubercle that can be identified?

A

Medial: Sternal end
Lateral: Acromial end
Conoid tubercle

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1
Q

What are the bones of the shoulder and arm?

A
  • Scapula
  • Sternum: Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid
  • Clavicle
  • Humerus
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2
Q

Describe a fracture of the clavicle

A

Common during weight bearing activities
Usually occurs between lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3
As a result of fracture, the medial 2/3 is pulled upwards while the lateral 1/3 is pulled downwards

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3
Q

What are the three borders of the scapula? What are the three angles of the scapula?

A

Superior, medial and lateral borders

Superior, inferior and lateral angles

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4
Q

What are the main structures on the anterior side of the scapula?

A
  • Coracoid process
  • Glenoid cavity
  • Subscapular fossa
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5
Q

What are the main structures on the posterior surface of the scapula?

A
  • Acromion
  • Supraspinous fossa
  • Spine
  • Infraspinous fossa
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7
Q

What are the main structures on the humerus?

A

Head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater/lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, lateral/medial epicondyle, trochlea, capitulum, olecranon fossa, nutrient foramen

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8
Q

Where do fractures commonly occur on the humerus and which structures are endangered?

A
  1. Surgical neck: Axillary nerve, Circumflex artery
  2. Midshaft: Radial nerve, profunda brachii
  3. Supracondylar: Median nerve, brachial artery
  4. Medial epicondyle (evulsion fractures): Ulnar nerve endangered
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9
Q

What are the fascial compartments of the arm?

A
  • Deep cervical
  • Clavipectoral
  • Pectoral
  • Axillary
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10
Q

What are the upper limb muscles that originate from the spine? What actions do they carry out? What nerves supply them?

A

Superficial:

  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi

Deeper:

  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor
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11
Q

What is the triangle of auscultation? What are its borders?

A

It is the space where the stethoscope can be placed to listen to lung action.
It is bordered by:

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12
Q

What are the four pectoral muscles? What are their actions? What nerves supply them?

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavius
  • Serratus anterior
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13
Q

What happens during paralysis of serratus anterior?

A

Winging of the scapula.

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14
Q

What are the intrinsic shoulder muscles?

A
  • Deltoid
  • Teres Major
  • Teres minor
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Subscapularis
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15
Q

Describe the deltoid muscle.

A
  • Originates on clavicle and spine of scapula
  • Inserts onto the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
  • Abduction at the shoulder
  • It is a shunt muscle - tendency of inferior displacement of the head of humerus and deltoid pulls it back into place
  • Oriented horizontally
  • Assisted by supraspinatus, which pulls HOH into glenoid socket
  • It is a site for intramuscular injection
  • Axillary nerve is deep to it - if injection too deep, it can pierce the nerve or it can be damaged due to fracture of the humerus.
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16
Q

Describe Teres major.

A

*

17
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • Stabilise shoulder by forming a tight cuff around the GH joint
  • Act as dynamic ligaments
  • Fixator muscles
  • Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor.
18
Q

Describe some rotator cuff injuries.

A
  • Impingement of supraspinatus
  • Frozen shoulder - “adhesive capsulitis”
  • Inflammation of bursal space (bursitis) passes into shoulder cavity.
19
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • Biceps brachii: Flexion from elbow. Biceps acts on supinator
  • Chorachobrachialis - Inserts into shaft of humerus.
  • Brachialis - Starts mid-shaft of humerus. Inserts onto ulna

All supplied by musculocutaneous nerve - passes between 2 heads of coracobrachialis.

20
Q

What are some forms of biceps injury?

A
  • Tendinitis
  • Dislocation
  • Rupture of long head “Popeye syndrome”
21
Q

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • Triceps brachii: 3 heads - 2 at shaft, 1 at scapula. Long head goes to olecranon
  • Anconeus - stops pinching during complete extension

Both supplied by radial nerve - passes through medial and lateral heads of TB
- Susceptible to injury in mid-shaft fractures of humerus.

22
Q

What are the four posterior apertures and what structures are transmitted through them?

A
  • Subscapular notch
  • Quadrangular space
  • Triangular space
  • Triangular interval

Human Locomotor Systems (13 decks)

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