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SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY > Lecture 5+6 > Flashcards

Lecture 5+6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are four findings from Bandura’s theory of observational learning?

A
  1. Starts early - 1+
  2. permits fast learning of complicated behaviours
  3. found in other species
  4. indicates importance of role models
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2
Q

What is reciprocal determinism according to Bandura?

A

The person, environment and behaviour all influence one another

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3
Q

What is ‘the person’ regulated by?

A

The self-regulatory system

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the self-regulatory process?

A
  1. self-observation
  2. judgements
  3. self-reaction
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5
Q

What does a self-system comprise?

A

Cognitive structure & sub functions, for perceiving, evaluating and regulating behaviour

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6
Q

What is a homunculus?

A

(‘little man’) that regulates behaviour

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7
Q

What is human agency?

A

the capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one’s life

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8
Q

What are the four features of human agency?

A

(1) Intentionality
(2) Self-reactiveness
(3) Self-reflectiveness
(4) Forethought

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9
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

An appraisal of one’s capabilities for performance

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10
Q

What is high SE and its implications?

A

High self-efficacy - visualises success - promotes performance

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11
Q

What is low SE and its implications?

A

Low self-efficacy - visualises failure - undermines success

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12
Q

What are the implications for self-efficacy and emotions?

A

low SE=less prone to depression/anxiety - low coping > negative emotions
high SE = high coping > positive emotions

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13
Q

Do self-efficacy beliefs have to be realistic for positive wellbeing?

A

No

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14
Q

What is depressive realism?

A

Depressed people have more accurate perceptions of their abilities than non-depressed people

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15
Q

What are the three positives of Bandura’s theory?

A
  1. widely tested
  2. clinical application
  3. involves cognition and emotion
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16
Q

What is a negative of Bandura’s theory?

A

does not account for biological factors

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17
Q

What are the three forces in personality psychology?

A
  1. psychoanalysis
  2. behaviourism
  3. humanistic
18
Q

What does humanistic psychology focus on?

A

Humanity and the ‘higher end’ of human experience - human potential, happiness, creativity

19
Q

Is humanism deterministic?

A

No, it advocates free-will

20
Q

What is phenomenological?

A

Studies subjective experience - humanistic psychology

21
Q

What is the self actualising tendency?

A

The trend of all organic and human life is the strive to expand, extend and mature - reach all capacities

22
Q

Who came up with the humanistic theory?

A

Carl Rogers

23
Q

According to Rogers, the core of the personality is…?

A

Positive - socialised, forward moving, rational and realistic

24
Q

What was the reason for human problems according to Rogers?

A

Negative socialisation

25
Q

Psychotherapy requires?

A

The therapist to have unconditional positive regard for the client - attempts to see the world as the client sees it

26
Q

What do both Maslow and Rogers emphasise the importance of for individual growth?

A

Experience

27
Q

What are the three key concepts of Roger’s theory on personality?

A
  1. necessary to view personality from a phenomenological perspective
  2. self-actualising tendency
  3. experiences are congruent/incongruent with esteem and self-worth
  4. total health of personality and the person
28
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

The person only accepts you when you meet their expectations - e.g. parents only accept child when they are ‘good’ and ‘bad’

29
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

The person regards the other person positively irrespective of their behaviour - person ‘distinct’ from their behaviour’

30
Q

According to Rogers, what are the five aspects needed for a fully functioning person?

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Existential living
  3. Organismic trusting
  4. Experiential freedom
  5. Creativity
31
Q

What is existential living according to Rogers?

A

living in each moment, living in the present, not the past or future

32
Q

What is organismic trusting according to Rogers?

A

Trusting oneself, not others - doing what feels right

33
Q

What is experiential freedom according to Rogers?

A

freedom of choice in each moment - not pressured by ‘shoulds’

34
Q

What are three criticisms of Roger’s theory?

A
  1. too naive, overly-optimistic
  2. not empirically supported
  3. promotes selfishness and egoism
35
Q

What type of personality did Maslow generally study?

A

The healthy personality - persons who have achieved self-actualisation - not psychopathological ones

36
Q

What is the psychopathology of the average?

A

“normal” in psychology is really the psychopathology of the average - widely spread we don’t even notice it

37
Q

What is the structure of the hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

A

Physiological needs > safety needs > love and belonging needs > esteem needs > self-actualisation

38
Q

Is the hierarchy of needs a step-ladder, why or why not?

A

No because one need does not have to be fully satisfied to achieve the next need - everything can be at a different percentage at a specific time

39
Q

According to Maslow, what is the reason for frustration and anti-social behaviour?

A

frustration of deficiency in needs

40
Q

What are five traits of self-actualisers?

A
  1. efficient perception of reality
  2. more accepting
  3. spontaneous
  4. problem-centred
  5. enjoy peak-experiences

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY (7 decks)

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