Neuro Olfactory & Visual

Question 1

What type of cells make up the olfactory system?

Answer 1

SSA (special sensory afferent)… they are found in the surface epithelium

Question 2

How often are the afferent neurons of the olfactory system replaced?

Answer 2

every month

Question 3

What do we call the centrally directed process of the bipolar primary afferent neuron?

Answer 3

the olfactory nerve

Question 4

What does the olfactory nerve pass through?

Answer 4

the cribfiform plate

Question 5

What are mitral cells and where do they project?

Answer 5

Mitral cells are neuronsthat are part of theolfactory system. They are located in the olfactory bulb in the mammaliancentral nervous system. They receive information from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, forming synapses in neuropilscalled glomeruli. Axons of the mitral cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain

They project to the cerebral cortex

Question 6

Olfactory dysfunction may be an early sign of what?

Answer 6

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 7

Where is the olfactory cortex located?

Answer 7

The piriform cortex which includes:

1) uncus
2) periamygdaloid cortex
3) anterior entorhinal cortex

Question 8

Trace the path of the olfactory signals

Answer 8

uncus —> peramygdaloid cortex —> anterior entorhinal cortex —> posteior orbitofrontal cortex via mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus

Question 9

Olfactory tract neurons arise from the _____ and terminate in the _____

Answer 9

olfactory bulb….. piriform cortex

Question 10

Where is olfaction thought to be appreciated?

Answer 10

the posterior orbitofrontal cortex

Question 11

What is the area of the eye that has the best vision?

Answer 11

macula lutea & fovea centralis

Question 12

What do you call the blind spot on the retina?

Answer 12

optic disc (the area where optic nerve fibers exit the eye)

Question 13

_____ is the visual neuroepithelium

Answer 13

The retina

Question 14

What are the 3 layers of neurons in the retina?

Answer 14

rods/cones

bipolar cells

ganglion cells… which then exit the eye and make up the optic nerve

Question 15

Ganglion _____ cells serving the macula ae small and are the origin of the _______ “what” visual system

Answer 15

midget… parvocelllar

Question 16

Ganglion ______ cells serving the periphreal retina are large and are the origin of the _____ visual system

Answer 16

parasol…. magnocellular

Question 17

What is the optic nerve covered with?

Answer 17

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the accompanying subarachnoid space, and the pia mater

Question 18

Increased CSF pressure around the optic nerve affects what?

Answer 18

the optic disk

Question 19

What part of the brain deals with circadian rhythm?

Answer 19

hypothalamus suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 20

Where in the brain does the pupillary light reflex originate?

Answer 20

pretectum. The afferent component is the optic nerve and the efferent component is the oculomotor nerve. There is a direct reflex and a consensual reflex

Question 21

How is the retina connected to the amygdala?

Answer 21

it is DIRECTLY connected and is relayed through the superior colliculus. It is responsible for transmission of emotionally significant image

Question 22

What is the lateral geniculate body responsible for?

Answer 22

visual information. It contains geniculocalcarine projections

Question 23

The occipital lobe is responsible for visual information. The primary (striate) visual cortex is area ____ and the secondary and tertiary cortices (extrastriate) are areas ____ and ____

Answer 23

17

18 & 19

Question 24

Someone who has Blindsight is a cortically blind individual but can respond to stimuli anyway. What is the hypothesized pathway for this?

Answer 24

retina —-> lateral geniculate body —-> extrastriate cortex (areas 18 & 19)

Question 25

What is anton syndrome?

Answer 25

it is the loss of the primary visual cortex and vision but is accompanied by a denial of loss

Question 26

What is visual agnosia?

Answer 26

agnosia means “not knowing” and involves a loss of the secondary and/or tertiary visual cortices, especially on the dominant side of the brain

Question 27

What is Charles Bonnet Syndrome?

Answer 27

it involves visual hallucinations and is associated with age and reduced vision (cataracts, glaucoma, & macular degeneration) as well as post-surgery recovery. The visual hallucinations involve images of people and/or animals and are amusing or disturbing but NOT EMOTIONAL

Question 28

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 28

it is the loss of ability to name faces and is associated with a lesion of the fusiform face area

Question 29

What is the fusiform face area?

Answer 29

it is the inferior aspect of the occipitotemporal cortex and predominates on the non-dominant side.