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Patho Test #3 > Chapter 3: The cellular Environment: fluids and electrolytes, acids and bases > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The cellular Environment: fluids and electrolytes, acids and bases Flashcards

1
Q

the total water isloss per day in the adult is approximately

a. 0.8 L
b. 1,2 L
c. 1.8 L
d. 2.2 L
e. 2.8 L

A

2.8 L

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2
Q

Of the 60% of the body weight made up of water about 3 L

a. extracellular water
b. intracellular water
c. intravascular water
d. interstitial water

A

Intravascular water

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3
Q

Sodium is responsible for

a. intracellular fluid (ICF) omotic balance
b. extracellular fluid (ECF) osmotic balance
c. total body water (TBW) osmolality
d. osmotic equilibrium

A

Extracellular osmotic balance

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4
Q

A milliequivalent is a unit of:

a. mass
b. physical activity
c. chemical activity
d. osmotic concentration

A

chemical activity

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5
Q

The principle osmotic neutrality means that

a. The number of anions and ions in the body must be equal.
b. intravascular molecules of protein are without charge
c. the sodium ions must be united with the chloride ions.
d. The positive and negative charges in blood plasma must be equal to each other

A

The positive and negative charges in blood plasma must be equal to each other

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6
Q

Aldosterone controls ECF volume by

a. carbohydrate, fat, and protein catabolism
b. sodium reabsorption
c. potassium reabsorption
d. inhibition of chloride reabsorption

A

sodium reabsorption

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7
Q

The release of ADH is stimulated by

a. decreased plasma osmolality
b. increased circulating blood volume
c. increased blood pressure
d. increased plasma osmolality
e. decreased plasma volume

A

Increased osmolality

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8
Q 
Laboratory studies of an adult reveal the following:
Plasma Na+ = 110 MeQ/L
CL: 100 MeQ/L
K: 4.8 MeQ/L
Ca: 9 MeQ/L
Hco3: 26 MeQ/L 
The most likely alteration is
A

Hyponatremia

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9
Q 
An individual has weakness, dizziness, irritability, and intestinal cramps. Laboratory studies reveal the following:
Na: 138
K 6.8
Ph: 7.38
Hco3: 25
EKG shows a peaked twave
A

hyperkalemia

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10
Q

an acid is which of the following

a. an anion
b. a cation
c. a substance/chemical that combines with a hydrogen ion to lower ph
d. a substance/chemical that donates a hydrogen ion or a proton

A

a substance/chemical that donates a H ion or a proton

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11
Q

The most significant consequence of hyperkalemia is

a. muscular weakness
b. paralytic ileus
c. depressed cardiac conductivity or arrest
d. metabolic acidosis

A

a depressed cardiac conductivity or arrest

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12
Q

the blood ph is maintained near 7.4 by buffer systems. The sequence from the fast acting compensation to the slowest acting compensation is respectively

a. lungs, kidneys, blood buffers
b. blood buffers,lungs kidneys
c. blood buffers, kidneys, lungs
d. lungs, blood buffers, kidneys

A

blood buffers, lungs, kidneys

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13
Q

the ph of saliva is about 7 and the ph of gastric juice is about 2. how many times more concentrated is the hydrogen ion in gastric juice than in saliva

a. 5
b. 50
c. 100
d. 10,000
e. 100,000

A

100,000

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14
Q

if a hypotonic solution is infused intravenously into a patient, fluid movement will

a. be from vascular to interstitial
b. not occur
c. be from intracellular to extracellular
d. occur from the interstitial to vascular compartment

A

be from vascular to interstitial

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15
Q 
a young female became quite agitated and apprehensive and eventually lost consciousness. at the hospital emergency department, the following laboratory values were obtained:
na: 137
k: 5
ph: 7.53
co2: 22
hco3: 24
her immediate diagnosis was
a. hypokalemia
b. metabolic acidosis
c. metabolic alkalosis
d. respiratory acidosis
e. respiratory alkalosis
A

respiratory alkalosis

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16
Q

as hc03 shifts form the red blood cell to the blood plasma it is expected that the plasma

a. Na increases
b. CL shifts into the red blood cell
c. K+ increases
d. ph decreases

A

chloride (CL) shifts into the red blood cell

17
Q

an elevated anion gap is associated with an accumulation of

a. chloride anions
b. lactate anions
c. high bicarbonate levels
d. sodium cations

A

lactate anions

18
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
    A. Two thirds of the body’s water is intracellular.
    B. One fourth of the body’s fluid is extracellular.
    C. The two main extracellular compartments are interstitial and intracellular.
    D. Standard total body water is 40% of body weight.
A

A. Two thirds of the body’s water is intracellular.

19
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
    A. Potassium is the most abundant ECF ion.
    B. Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF space.
    C. Water moves freely across membranes.
    D. Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane
A

C. Water moves freely across membranes.

20
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common causes of edema formation (increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues)?
    A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
    B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
    C. Increased capillary membrane permeability
    D. Lymphatic obstruction
A

A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure

21
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding water balance is TRUE?
    A. The kidneys and liver have a central role in maintaining sodium and water balance.
    B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the adrenal gland.
    C. Sodium is regulated by aldosterone released from the pituitary.
    D. Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately 2% of body weight.
A

D. Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately 2% of body weight.

22
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding aldosterone is TRUE?
    A. It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
    B. It is a hormone that is secreted when potassium levels are depressed.
    C. Its action is to decrease the retention of sodium.
    D. Its action is to decrease the secretion of potassium.
A

A. It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.

23
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding water balance?
    A. Isotonic fluids cause increased cellular swelling.
    B. Hypertonic fluid causes increased cellular swelling.
    C. Hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling.
    D. Hypernatremia causes cellular swelling.
A

C. Hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling.

24
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypernatremia (high sodium)?
    A. Excessive free water intake
    B. Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution
    C. Oversecretion of aldosterone
    D. Cushing syndrome
A

A. Excessive free water intake

25
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hyperchloremia?
    A. Occurs with a deficit of sodium
    B. Occurs with an excess of bicarbonate
    C. Has specific symptoms such as thirst
    D. Treatment is to treat underlying disorder
A

D. Treatment is to treat underlying disorder

26
Q
  1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding hyponatremia?
    A. Inadequate sodium intake is a common cause of hyponatremia.
    B. It can occur with a decrease in total body water (TBW).
    C. It never occurs with burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
    D. It is considered when sodium drops below 135 mEq/L.
A

D. It is considered when sodium drops below 135 mEq/L.

27
Q
  1. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding potassium balance?
    A. Potassium is the major extracellular electrolyte.
    B. During acidosis, potassium shifts into the cell.
    C. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is decreased.
    D. Insulin causes the movement of potassium into the cell.
A

D. Insulin causes the movement of potassium into the cell.

28
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hypokalemia?
    A. Hypokalemia occurs when the serum level is below 135 mEq/L.
    B. One cause of hypokalemia is diabetic ketoacidosis.
    C. Dietary causes of low potassium are common.
    D. Diuretics do not cause hypokalemia.
A

B. One cause of hypokalemia is diabetic ketoacidosis.

29
Q

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hypokalemia?
A. Carbohydrate metabolism is affected as a result of decreased insulin secretion.
B. Renal function is impaired.
C. Neuromuscular excitability is decreased.
D. Skeletal muscle is affected with increased contractility.

A

D. Skeletal muscle is affected with increased contractility.

30
Q
  1. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia?
    A. Dietary excesses are common.
    B. It often occurs in acidosis.
    C. Increased renal secretion of potassium is a cause.
    D. Addison disease is a cause.
A

B. It often occurs in acidosis.

31
Q 
14. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment for hyperkalemia? 
A. Calcium gluconate 
B. Treating the contributing cause 
C. Administering glucagon 
D. Sodium bicarbonate
A

C. Administering glucagon

32
Q
  1. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hypocalcemia?
    A. It occurs with serum concentration below 8.5 mg/dl.
    B. It occurs with increases of vitamin D.
    C. It occurs with increases in parathyroid hormone.
    D. Metabolic acidosis is a known cause.
A

A. It occurs with serum concentration below 8.5 mg/dl.

33
Q 
16. Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypercalcemia? 
A. Hypoparathyroidism 
B. Bone metastases with cervical cancer 
C. Sarcoidosis 
D. Bone metastases with prostate cancer
A

A. Hypoparathyroidism

34
Q
  1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding magnesium?
    A. Hypomagnesemia occurs with a concentration less than 2.5 mEq/L.
    B. It is a major extracellular cation.
    C. Thirty percent is stored in the muscle and bone.
    D. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and depression.
A

D. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and depression.

35
Q 
18. Which of the following has the lowest pH? 
A. Urine 
B. Gastric juices 
C. Arterial blood 
D. Pancreatic fluid
A

B. Gastric juices

36
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes acidemia?
    A. State in which the pH of arterial blood is greater than 7.45
    B. State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35
    C. Systemic decrease in hydrogen ion concentration
    D. Systemic increase in hydrogen ion concentration
A

B. State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35

37
Q 
20. What is the anion gap for a person with an Na+ 140, K+ 4, Mg++ 2, HCO3– 24, Cl 110, Ca++ 10? 
A. 10 
B. 8 
C. 22 
D. 30
A

A. 10

Patho Test #3 (11 decks)

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