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Neuroscience > brainstem > Flashcards

brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 categories of axon each spinal nerve carries

A

2 x general afferents (somatic and visceral afferents); 2 x general efferents (somatic and visceral efferents)

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2
Q

what do general somatic afferents carry sensation to

A

skin and striated muscle

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3
Q

what do general visceral afferents carry sensation to

A

organs

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4
Q

what do general somatic efferents carry motor function to

A

striated muscle

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5
Q

what do general visceral efferents carry motor function to

A

smooth muscle and glands

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6
Q

what extra axons are present in the brainstem not found in the spinal cord

A

special visceral efferent, special visceral afferent, special somatic afferent

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7
Q

what is the order from medial to lateral in the brainstem

A

GSE, SVE,GVE,GVA,SVA,GSA,SSA

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8
Q

what is the function of general somatic efferent

A

to cranial myotomes. 6 extraocular muscles(III, IV, VI), and muscles to the tonge (XII)

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9
Q

function special visceral efferent

A

viscera/branchiomotor. V- mastication etc; VII- facial expression, stapedius etc; IX,X,XI- muscles larynx, pharynx etc

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10
Q

function general visceral efferent

A

cranial parasympathetic outflow. ciliary ganglion; submandibular and parotid (VII); otic ganglion- parotid gland (IX); para to plexuses in thorax and abdomen (X)

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11
Q

function general visceral afferent

A

visceral sensation. IX and X. from carotid body and sinus; aorta; thorax; abdomen

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12
Q

function special visceral afferent

A

taste. from taste buds (VII, IX). from epiglottis (X) and soft palate (VII)

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13
Q

function general somatic afferent

A

ordinary sensation. CN V. sensation of pain, temp, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

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14
Q

function special somatic afferent

A

hearing and balance

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15
Q

where are special somatic afferent fibres found

A

hearing and balance - CN VIII

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16
Q

where are special visceral afferents found

A

taste- CN VII, XI, X

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17
Q

where are special visceral efferents found

A

V, VII, IX, X, XI

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18
Q

what happens to the neuroblasts that don’t form synapses (as more neuroblasts produced than required)

A

apoptosis. death of some leads to creation individual CN nuclei (run in brainstem as incomplete columns)

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19
Q

which nuclei are found in midbrain, pons and medulla

A

general somatic efferent; general visceral efferent; general somatic afferent

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20
Q

which nuclei are found in pons and medulla

A

special visceral efferent, special somatic afferent

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21
Q

which nuclei are found in just the medulla

A

general visceral afferent and special visceral afferent

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22
Q

if a patient can hear loud noises without external sound what can this show

A

damage to VII as innervates stapedius

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23
Q

where is info on proprioception from head taken (CNV)

A

mesencephalic nucleus of V

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24
Q

where is info from mechanoreceptors taken (CNV)

A

main sensory nucleus of V

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25
Q

where is nociceptive info taken (CNV)

A

spinal nucleus of V

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26
Q

where is info from on a) balance and b) hearing

A

a) semicircular canal b) hearing

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27
Q

which cranial nerves have sensory ganglia associated

A

V,VII,VIII,IX,X

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28
Q

what is the sensory associated with VII

A

geniculate

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29
Q

what is the sensory associated with VIII

A

vestibular fibres- vestibular; cochlear fibres- spiral/cochlear

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30
Q

what happens as the ascending tracts are in the pons

A

move more laterally so are vulnerable to things such as intracranial bleeds/trauma

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31
Q

is the Median Longitudinal Bundle close or far from the midline

A

close to midline, in all parts of the brainstem

32
Q

what does the median longitudinal bundle connect

A

connects oculogyric nuclei together; connects oculogyric and vestibular nuclei (when head moves can remain focused); connect oculogyric nuclei to tectospinal tract (from tectum- controls muscle of neck)

33
Q

what allows for bilateral fixation (conjugate eye movement)

A

posterior commissure at top of midbrain- connects right and left side so connects right and left MLB. oculogyric nuclei joined on both sides so allows for perfect coordination

34
Q

what pathway controls axial muscles so maintaining stance and posture

A

vestibulospinal tract

35
Q

what is another intrinsic tract of the brainstem that SVA and GVA fibres run in; where is it found

A

nucleus tractus solitaries. only in medulla

36
Q

what is the role of the nucleus tractus solitarius

A

activate pre ganglionic autonomic neurones to elicit a response. can go direct to neurones or via visceral centres

37
Q

in some cases what are activated as well as preganglionic autonomic neurones

A

lower motor neurones. eg vomiting reflex need contraction of abdominal muscle; coughing- intercostals contract

38
Q

what are the ascending tracts that pass through the brainstem (sensory)

A

dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway, spinothalamic, trigeminothalamic, spinocerebellar

39
Q

what are the descending tracts through the brainstem and where do they come from/to

A

corticospinal (cortex- ventral horn); corticobulbar (cortex- brainstem); corticopontine (cortex- pons); hypothalamic efferents

40
Q

what does the corticospinal tract activate

A

LMNs (doesn’t synapse in brainstem)

41
Q

what does the corticobulbar tract activate

A

motor neurones in brainstem (GVE, GSE, SVE)

42
Q

what does the corticopontine tract give off

A

another tract to the cerebellum

43
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

small clusters of neurones in between larger structures (nuclei and tracts)

44
Q

how is the reticular formation organised

A

discontinuous columns- raphe is in the midline; then a lateral zone either side of the raphe

45
Q

what are the only neurones in the CNS that use serotonin as the neurotransmitter

A

neurones in the raphe nuclei

46
Q

where do neurones project from the raphe nuclei

A

to the spinal cord- 2 destinations: dorsal horn (analgesia) and lower lumbar and sacral parts of cord. also projects upwards to hypothalamus and cortex

47
Q

what is the raphe nuclei involved in

A

sleep/wake state. if destroyed- insomnia. can be stimulate with drugs to prevent sleep.

48
Q

what does the rostral projection of the raphe nuclei interact with in schizophrenia

A

dopamine

49
Q

what are the lateral columns of the reticular formation involved with

A

ascending reticular activating system. projects up into hemisphere

50
Q

what are the lateral columns involved in determining

A

state of alertness, arousal and consciousness.

51
Q

what else do the lateral columns of reticular formation give off

A

reticulospinal tracts. counteract effects of gravity, effect on axial muscle

52
Q

what other pathways are associated with lateral zones of reticular formation

A

pain relief- interrupt pain in dorsal horn; visceral centres - to pregang autonomic under control of NTS

53
Q

what are the 2 nuclei associated with noradrenaline in reticular formation

A

locus coeruleus, and tegmental nucleus

54
Q

where does the tegmental nucleus project

A

spinal- maintain urinary continence (stimulates pre ganglionic autonomic neurones); rostral- hypothalamus involved in endocrine

55
Q

where does the locus coeruleus project to

A

entire CNS. related to depression

56
Q

what secretes dopamine, where does it project to

A

substantia nigra projects to corpus striatum (overall DA more restricted)

57
Q

what pathways use dopamine

A

mesolimbic and mesocortical

58
Q

which pathways are under and over active in schizophrenia

A

mesolimbic- overactive, mesocortical- underactive

59
Q

how is the facial motor nucleus connected to the oculogyric nuclei

A

MLB

60
Q

what are the tectum and pre tectal areas linked to

A

MLB

61
Q

what are the small bumps on the tectum

A

superior and inferior colliculi

62
Q

what is involved with visual reflexes

A

superior colliculi and pre tectal area

63
Q

what is pupillary constriction achieved by (para or symp, which fibres)

A

parasymp system, via CNIII

64
Q

what happens in pupillary constriction

A

retina -> pre tectal area -> CNIII (EW) -> ciliary ganglion -> constrictor pupillae

65
Q

what happens in pupillary dilation

A

retina -> dorsolateral part of brainstem -> T1 sympathetic preganglionic neurones -> sympathetic chain -> superior cervical ganglion -> dilator pupillae muscle

66
Q

what is the consensual reflex

A

some fibres from retina go to both sides of pre tectal area so both pupils will dilate/constrict together

67
Q

if changing gaze from far to close what has to happen

A

medial rectus contracts to bring the eyes together, lateral rectus is inhibited

68
Q

to focus light onto the retina what has to happen

A

pupils constricted- contract constrictor pupillae and contract ciliary muscle

69
Q

where does info sensed by the retina in the light reflex go to

A

superior colliculus in midbrain by fibres which leave the optic nerve

70
Q

in the tectum (in light reflex) fibres go to innervate motor neurones via what tracts

A

tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts

71
Q

what happens in the tectospinal tract

A

retina -> superior colliculus -> tectospinal tract -> cervical cord -> LMNs to neck muscles

72
Q

what happens in the tectobulbar tract

A

retina -> superior colliculus -> tectobulbar tract -> CNVII -> orbicularis oculi

73
Q

what supplies the brainstem

A

vertebral arteries. vertebra-basilar system

74
Q

what are the 3 small groups of arteries and what do they supply

A

paramedian- middle section; short circumferential- around the brainstem supply ventrolat areas; long circumferential- around brainstem also dorsolat area

75
Q

what is syndrome of lower red nucleus

A

oculomotor nerve palsy- contralat hemiparesis, ataxia, hemiplegia; and mid brain infarction- occlusion of branch of post cerebral artery

76
Q

what is syndrome of midpontine

A

occlusion paramedian branches basilar artery. contralateral hemiplagia

77
Q

what is dorsolateral medullary syndrome

A

injury to lat part of medulla- tissue ischaemia and necrosis

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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