Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > bio213 TTK > Flashcards

bio213 TTK Flashcards

0
Q

Fitness

A

Getting copies of your genes into the next generation.

Depends on:

  • survival
  • reproduction
  • environment (abiotic / biotic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time in response to environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adaptation

A

inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a certain environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Natural selection vs evolution

A

NS acts on individuals, but a population evolves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homologous structures

A

structures in different species that are similar due to common ancestry (ex: vertebrate forelimbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Population

A

Members of a species living in the same area that could interbreed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Allele fixation

A

Only one allele present for a particular gene in entire population (so all individuals are homozygous for that gene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

Allele & genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation solely due to Mendelian inheritance patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gene pool

A

the aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Microevolution

A

evolutionary change below the species level; change in allele freq’s in a population over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Genetic drift

A

Unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next, esp. in small populations. Ex: founder effect, bottleneck effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolutionary change above the species level; ex: speciation, impacts of mass extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gene flow

A

the transfer of alleles from one generation to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes (migration!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A severe drop in population size resulting by chance in over representation of some alleles and under rep of others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Founder effect

A

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establishes a new population whose gene pool differs from the source pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

directional selection

A

natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than the others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stabilizing selection

A

natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diversifying (disruptive) selection

A

natural selection in which extreme phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do intermediates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

common vs. rare phenotype swap common/rareness due to natural selection (ex: R/L-side attackers vs. L/R-side awareness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

biological species concept

A

individuals of the same species can successfully interbreed & produce viable, fertile offspring who breed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

reproduction barriers

A

pre-zygotic:

  • temporal isolation
  • habitat isolation
  • behavioral isolation (ex: mating dances)
  • mechanical isolation (it doesn’t fit!)
  • gametic isolation (gametes die before uniting)

post-zygotic:

  • hybrid inviability (zygote fails to develop)
  • hybrid sterility (mules)
  • hybrid breakdown (offspring of hybrids are weak/infertile)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

adaptive radiation

A

multiple new species arise from an original population in a relatively short time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

monophyletic group

A

a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ancestral traits

A

common to all descendents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

derived traits

A

unique to descendents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that obtains organic food molecules w/o eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms; uses energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

thermophile

A

high temp loving organisms (45-122°C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

halophile

A

salt-loving organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

methanogen

A

organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy; all known are in Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cyanobacteria

A

bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

decomposition

A

rotting; the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

bioremediation

A

the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

prokaryote

A

organism with prokaryotic cells, which lacks membranes around its nucleus and organelles; Bacteria & Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

binary fission

A

method of asexual reproduction by “division in half.” Mitosis is involved in singe-celled euks that undergo fission, but not in proks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cellular metabolism

A

life-sustaining chemical transformations within cells of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

allopatric speciation

A

different home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

sympatric speciation

A

same home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Protozoa

A 
animal-like protists; 
usually motile (flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia);
heterotrophic (internal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Algae

A

plant-like protists
(ex: dinoflagellate; diatom w/ silicate cell walls; seaweed);
usually non-motile;
cell walls;
autotrophic: photosynthesis in chloroplasts (all have chlorophyll-A in photosystem, green/brown/red due to other pigments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Slime “molds”

A

fungal-like & animal-like protists;
reproduce by mushroom-like, spore-producing structures;
… but move/eat like protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Bacterial benefits (see 4/23 notes)

A
  • digestive & skin mutualists;
  • cyanobacteria (O2 production): bottom of food pyramid
  • decomp of dead organic matter (glucose -> CO2/H2O)
  • fermentation
  • plant mutualists (ex: Rhizobium)
    +++++ Nitrogen Fixation (via nitrogenase): N2 -> NH4 & NO3
  • bioremediation (thx to metabolic diversity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Chitin

A

structural polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls & arthropod exoskeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Spore

A

plant/alga: haploid cell produced in sporophyte by meiosis;

fungi: haploid cell, produced sexually or asexually, produces mycelium after germination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hyphae

A

connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Dikaryotic

A

a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Lichen

A

mutualistic association between a fungus and photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Decomposer vs parasite

A

absorbing nutrients from non-living organic material (detrivore) VS. feeding on cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species while in or on the host organism (harm but usually do not kill).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Glomeromycetes

A

Glomeromycota: distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Chytrids

A

Chytridiomycota: mostly aquatic w/ flagellated zoospores, and representing an early-diverging fungal lineage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

protists

A

euks that are not plants, animals, or fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

Basidiomycota: aka “club fungus,” clublike shape of basidium (reproductive appendage, produces spores on the gills)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

zygosporangium

A

multinucleate structure in which karyogamy & meiosis occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

ascocarp

A

fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Ascomycetes

A

Ascomycota: aka “sac fungus,” from saclike structure in which the spores develop (ascus/asci)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

a photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

an accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Carotenoids

A

accessory pigments, yellow or orange, in chloroplasts of plants & some proks. Absorb wavelengths chlorophyll cannot, broadening range spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls; consists of glucose monomers joined by (beta) glycosidic linkages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Lignin

A

a hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of plant cell walls, providing structural support in terrestrial species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Starch

A

storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting of glucose monomers joined by (alpha) glycosidic linkages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Rubisco

A

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, enzyme that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle, (binding CO2 to RuBP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Green algae

A

photosynthetic protist, named for green chloroplasts that are similar in structure and pigment composition to land plants; paraphyletic group, some members of which are more closely related to land plants than to other green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Bryophyte

A

informal name for moss, hornwort, or liverwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

informal name for plants with vascular tissue, but no seeds; paraphyletic group that includes Lycophyta (club mosses & relatives) and Pterophyta (ferns & relatives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Gymnosperms

A

vascular plant that bears naked seeds - not enclosed in protective chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plant, forms seeds inside protective chamber called an ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy covering on the surface of stems/leaves, preventing desiccation in terrestrial plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Stoma (plural, stomata)

A

microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in epidermis of leaves/stems, allowing gas exchange

74
Q

Vascular tissue

A

plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout plant body

75
Q

Pollen

A

in seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed w/in a pollen wall

76
Q

Seed

A

an adaptation in some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food w/in a protective coat

77
Q

Cell wall

A

a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, proks, fungi, and some protists; polysaccharides are important structural components: cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), peptidoglycan (bacteria)

78
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

open channels through cell wall, connects cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, some larger molecules to pass between cells.

79
Q

Chloroplast

A

an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight, uses it to drive synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O

80
Q

Chromoplast

A

colored plastids for pigment synthesis and storage

81
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelles in euk cells that serve as site of cellular respiration; use oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

82
Q

Meristematic tissue

A

remains embryonic as long as plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth

83
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

dermal tissue system of non-woody plants; usually a single layer of tightly packed cells

83
Q

xylem vascular tissue

A

tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water/minerals up from the roots to the rest of the plant

84
Q

Ground tissue

A

neither vascular nor dermal, fulfills a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

85
Q

phloem vascular tissue

A

living cells arranged in elongated tubes, transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

86
Q

root hair

A

a tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip, increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals

87
Q

stem

A

vascular plant organ consisting of alternating system of nodes/internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures

88
Q

root

A

vascular plant organ that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil

89
Q

leaf

A

main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

90
Q

branch/lateral roots

A

root that arises from the pericycle (outermost layer of vascular cylinder) of an established root

91
Q

apical/terminal bud

A

bud at the tip of a plant stem

92
Q

lateral/axillary bud

A

structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch; bud appears in the angle formed between leaf and stem

93
Q

node

A

a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached

94
Q

internode

A

segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached

95
Q

blade

A

flattened portion of a typical leaf

96
Q

petiole

A

stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

97
Q

sheath

A

alt to petiole in which base of leaf envelops stem; found in grasses and many other monocots

98
Q

cotyledon

A

embryonic leaves (-> monocot, dicot, etc)

99
Q

vascular cambium

A

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants, adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

100
Q

secondary xylem / phloem

A

formed during secondary growth from vascular cambium; xylem (wood) to the inside, phloem to the outside;

101
Q

bark

A

all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of secondary phloem and layers of periderm

102
Q

wood

A

secondary xylem; composite of cellulose fibers (strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin (resists compression)

103
Q

annual rings

A

result from new growth in vascular cambium; used in dendrochronology; 1 ring usually = 1 year

104
Q

stele

A

vascular tissue of a stem or root

105
Q

auxin (IAA)

A

class of plant hormone: indoleacetic acid; cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, fruit growth

106
Q

cytokinin (CK)

A

class of plant hormone: retards aging; acts in concert w/ auxin to stimulate cytokinesis, influence pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance

107
Q

gibberellin (GA)

A

class of plant hormone: stimulate growth in stem & leaves; trigger germination of seeds& breaking of bud dormancy; stimulate fruit development (w/ auxin)

108
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A

plant hormone: slows growth, often antagonizing effects of growth hormones; promotes seed dormancy & facilitates drought tolerance

109
Q

ethylene

A

gaseous plant hormone: involved in responses to physical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, & fruit ripening

110
Q

defense hormones

A

systemin: wound response in Solanaceae family (nightshades: potato, tomato, eggplant, etc)

salicylic acid: signal mol, may be partially responsible for activating systemic acquired resistance to pathogens

111
Q

florigen

A

flowering signal, probably a protein, made in leaves under certain conditions, travels to SAMs, inducing them to switch from vegetative to reproductive growth

112
Q

phototropism

A

growth of a plant shoot towards or away from light (positive/negative phototropism)

113
Q

gravitropism

A

response of plant/animal to gravity

114
Q

phytochrome

A

photoreceptor (pigment) in plants that mostly absorbs red light and regulates any plant responses, like seed germination and shade avoidance

116
Q

soil texture

A

depends on size of soil particles: sand > silt > clay; silt/clay are small and have lots of surface area for adhesion/retention of water; Sand provides air spaces, but lets too much water through by itself

117
Q

soil structure

A

how the materials in soil hold together

118
Q

humus

A

soil organic matter

119
Q

pH

A

affects solubility and chemical form of nutrients in soil; most plants prefer slightly acidic, as high H+ concentration assists cation exchange

120
Q

cation exchange capacity

A

roots are negatively charged, so will attract cations that haven’t washed away

most imp cations: K, Mg, Ca, NH4, Fe(2+/3+), H+, Al;

most imp anions: NO3-, SO4 2-, PO4 3-

121
Q

stomata

A

pores in plant epidermis allowing gas exchange (O2/CO2), but also main source of water loss (95%); regulates transpiration rate

122
Q

cuticle

A

waxy coating on plant epidermal surface, prevents water loss

123
Q

guard cells

A

regulate opening/closing of stomatal pore via K+ in/out of vacuole (causing water to follow in/out)

124
Q

endodermis

A

innermost layer of cells in root cortex

125
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water through leaves (mostly through stomata)

126
Q

root pressure

A

push of xylem sap; generated by osmotic pump; causes guttation

only works when soil is quite wet and root system intact; highest pressures recorded only reach 1-2m high

127
Q

cohesion-tension hypothesis

A

transpiration provides the pull for the ascent of xylem sap

128
Q

water potential

A

water moves from higher (less negative) to lower (more negative) water potential;

influenced by: soil composition, gravity, osmotic potential (concentration gradients), pressure potential (of cell walls)

129
Q

vessels

A

short/wide xylem: dead, hollow, thick cell walls, large diameter; secondary cells walls of cellulose/lignin

130
Q

tracheids

A

long/thin xylem: dead, hollow, thick cell walls, smaller in diameter; secondary cells walls of cellulose/lignin

131
Q

fibers

A

xylem/phloem: dead, thick cell walls, for support;

NOT for water transport

132
Q

source (of sugar)

A

anything performing photosynthesis (leaf, stem) or breakdown of stored starch

133
Q

sink (of sugar)

A

anything consuming sugar (plant parts or other organisms -> predators / mutualists)

134
Q

pressure flow hypothesis

A

building of pressure at a source, and reduction of pressure at the sink, causing bulk flow of sap

135
Q

aphids

A

feed on phloem sap, but can’t digest quickly enough so pressure forces it out the back end

136
Q

sieve tube elements

A

phloem: alive!, conduits of sap translocation

136
Q

diploid

A

2n;

137
Q

companion cells

A

phloem: performs normal cell processes for sieve tube elements, and actively transports sugar molecules against their gradient into the tubes

138
Q

haploid

A

1n;

140
Q

gamete

A

cell that fuses w/ another cell during fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms

141
Q

zygote

A

initial cell that forms when two gametes fuse during sexual reproduction

142
Q

embryo

A

multicellular diploid eukaryote in earliest stage of development

143
Q

spore

A

a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and survival

144
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid multicellular stage in life cycle of plant or algae; produces spores by meiosis

144
Q

apoplast

A

everything external to plasma membrane of living cells: cell walls, extracellular spaces, interior of dead cells (vessels/tracheids)

145
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid multicellular adult stage in the alternation of generations during life cycle of land plants and algae; produced by mitotic cell division of spores, which are produced by meiosis in sporophytes; produces gametes by mitosis

146
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between members of a single species

147
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of different species

148
Q

fundamental niche

A

all possible niches

149
Q

realized niche

A

niche the population actually occupies

150
Q

competitive exclusion principal

A

when pops of two similar species compete for same limited resource, one will use it more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to elimination of the other population

151
Q

mutualism

A

symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit

152
Q

keystone species

A

central supporting hub of an ecosystem; loss results in ecosystem collapse; nitrogen-fixing bacteria, much? (rhizobium)

153
Q

consumer / food source relationships (4)

A

predator / prey
herbivore / primary producer
parasite / host
parasitoid / host

154
Q

abiotic

A

non-living; physical / chemical properties of an environment (temperature, humidity, precipitation, nutrients, etc)

155
Q

biotic

A

living factors - the organisms - of an environment

156
Q

community

A

all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations, interacting

157
Q

ecosystem

A

all organisms in an area + abiotic factors w/ which they interact; one or more communities and their physical environment

158
Q

density

A

of individuals per unit area or volume

159
Q

dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals w/in boundaries of population (clumped, uniform, random)

160
Q

life history

A

traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survival

161
Q

exponential growth (density independent)

A

delta N / delta t = r(max) * N

162
Q

logistic growth (density dependent)

A

delta N / delta t = r(max) * N * ( K - N / K )

163
Q

per capita rate of increase (r)

A

difference between per capita birth rate and per capita death rate (# of births/deaths per unit of time)

164
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources

165
Q

metapopulation

A

group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through migration (imi/emi)

166
Q

primary succession

A

no soil

167
Q

secondary succession

A

from soil

168
Q

disturbance

A

frequency / extent / intensity

169
Q

community response to disturbance

A

resistance / resilience

170
Q

producers

A

make the food (autotrophs)

171
Q

consumers

A

eat the food (primary, secondary, etc)

172
Q

trophic levels

A

degrees of separation from the sun

173
Q

biomagnification (of toxins)

A
  • fat soluble (otherwise would just pee it out)

- persistent, long-lived chemical

174
Q

biogeochemical cycling

A

cycling via biotic and abiotic elements

175
Q

species richness / evenness

A

factor of biodiversity (# of species and evenness of distribution)

176
Q

functional groups

A

collections of organisms based on morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical, environmental responses or on trophic criteria.

177
Q

productivity

A

amount of biological activity

178
Q

endemic species

A

confined to a specific geographic area

179
Q

edge effects

A

edges can have different conditions, and different organisms/niches, than the conditions on either side

180
Q

strategies to slow biodiversity loss

A
  • identify areas of high endemism
  • SLoSS debate: single large or several small
    • concerns: edge effects, matrix (space between habitats), corridors/tunnels, physical transportation of species to promote gene flow
181
Q

biodiversity (ways of measuring)

A

(greater diversity = greater resilience)

  • # of species
  • # of trophic levels
  • variety of genotypes
  • in diploid organisms: homozygosity vs. hetero (-> more diverse)
  • # of functional groups
  • at the population level: alleles, freq. of them
  • plant families
  • # of diff. community types (desert, high mountain, etc)

From Flashcardlet (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions