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Modalities > Modalities Ch. 16 > Flashcards

Modalities Ch. 16 Flashcards

1
Q

electricity

A

form of energy that is produces by the accumulation and/or the movement of electrons

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2
Q

requirements for electron flow

A

electrons
path or conductor
force to push electrons

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3
Q

types of electricity

A

static

current

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4
Q

static

A

frictional

  • two objects rubbing together
  • electrons transferred from one object to another
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5
Q

currnet

A

electrons traveling along a conductor

-can be direct or alternating

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6
Q

measures of electrical charge

A 
coulomb (Q)
amperage (A)
voltage (V)
resistance (R)
-ohm
--material
--length of circuit
--cross sectional area
--temperature
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7
Q

coulomb

A

measure of electrical charge
quantity of electrons
6.25 x 10^18

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8
Q

amperage

-A=

A

speed at which a current is flowing

-1 coulomb past a point in 1 second

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9
Q

voltage

-in modalities

A

electromotive force
difference of energy at one point to another
in modalities
-want it to be as low as possible while still achieving the desired effects

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10
Q

resistance

A

1 amp past 1 ohm

ability of a substance to oppose a current

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11
Q

ohn

A

measure of the resistance to electrons

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12
Q

resistance factors

A

material
length of circuit
cross sectional area
temperature

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13
Q

material in body

A

blood and nerves have lower resistance (more electrons)

skin and bones have higher resistance

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14
Q

length of circuit

A

the shorter the circuit, the less resistance

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15
Q

cross sectional area

A

the larger the area the less resistance

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16
Q

temperature

A

increased temperature equals increased flow of electrons

-decreases resistance

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17
Q

water-electricity flow analogy

A

table in book

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18
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

current (amps)= voltage/resistance
-A = V/R
volts = current x resistance
resistance = voltage/current

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19
Q

current types

A

direct current
alternating current
pulsed current

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20
Q

direct

-alternate name

A

continuous flow of electrons in one direction
-pulse greater than one second
galvanic current

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21
Q

alternating current

A

continuous flow of electrons in alternating directions

-IFC is a series of alternating current coming together

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22
Q

pulsed current

A

interruption in flow

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23
Q

pulse and cycle characteristics

A

pulse named by number of phases

  • monophasic
  • biphasic
  • polyphasic
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24
Q

monophasic

A

one phase

current flows in one direction only

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25
Q

biphasic

A

two phases

current flows in both directions

26
Q

polyphasic

A

multiple phases

27
Q

quantitative characteristics

A

amplitude

-distance from baseline to top of wave

28
Q

peak vs. average amplitude

A

peak
-the longest distance
average
-average of all the amplitudes

29
Q

pulse duration

A

duration of one pulse

-made up of phases

30
Q

phase duration

A

duration of one phase

-specific to AC

31
Q

pulse period

A

length of on and off time of one pulse

32
Q

interpulse interval

A

time between conclusion of one pulse and start of next

33
Q

intrapulse interval

A

interruption in a single pulse or phase

34
Q

phase shapes

A

sinusoidal
rectangular
spike

35
Q

duty cycle

A

on time / (off time + on time)

36
Q

russian wave form

A

characteristics

  • polyphasic
  • symmetrical
  • sinusoidal
  • burst
37
Q

interferential wave form

A

characteristics
-symmetrical
-sinusoidal
-high frequency (2000-5000 Hz) AC
two channels, with different frequencies, used simultaneously
two currents cause a tissue current amplification

38
Q

tissue response to electrical simulation

A

thermal
magnetic
chemical
kinetic

39
Q

chemical response: iontophoresis

A

DC
used to push medication through the skin into the body
lasts 10-20 minutes

40
Q

cathode vs. anode

A

cathode

  • positive
  • drives ions towards negative pole
41
Q

most common iontophoresis medications

A 
dexamethasone
-corticosteriods
-negatively charged
lidocaine
-positively charged
42
Q

kinetic response

A

sensation

muscle contraction

43
Q

muscle contraction

A

twitch
tetanic
-multiple contractions that fuse together into one continuous contraction

44
Q

polarization and action potentials

A

polarized
unequal positive and negative one each side of cell -membrane
polarized
-ions lined up on each side of the membrane
depolarized
-ions move back to equilibrium
caused by sodium ion movement

45
Q

mixed nerves

A 
a fibers
-largest
-respond the most readily to stimulation
-sensory or motor
b fibers
-autonomic motor nerves
c fibers
-smallest and slowest
-sensory
46
Q

knerve excitability and stimulation parameters

A 
nerve excitability
-the amount of electrical current applied to the surface necessary to elicit an action potential in a specific nerve
influencing factors
-nerve size and depth
-tissue resistance
-current density
-- smaller target area, denser current
-current strength
-frequency of stimulation
--pulses/sec.
-electrode orientation
-motor point
47
Q

electrode orientation

A

longitudinal is 4x stronger than transverse

48
Q

electrode size

A

smaller electrode = greater current density

49
Q

electrode distance

A

increased distance = increased intensity for same result

50
Q

electrode placement

-bipolar technique

A

electrodes from terminals are of equal size, resulting in nearly equal current density under them
both active
applied to treatment area in relative proximity to each other

51
Q

electrode placement

-monopolar/unipolar technique

A

electrodes of unequal size, creating active and indifferent electrodes
may have multiple active electrodes
active electrode(s) applied to treatment area
indifferent electrode applied to remote location

52
Q

e-stim parameters

A 
pulse frequency
pulse duration
-measured in ms
duty cycle
amplitude
-measure of intensity
53
Q

types of e-stim

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

IFC

54
Q

TENS - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

A 
pain control
-gate control theory (sensory)
-opiate theory (motor or brief intense)
three types
-sensory
-motor
-brief-intense
55
Q

sensory TENS

A 
acute pain
high frequency
sensory-level intensity
stimulates large-diameter sensory nerves
"traditional" TENS
56
Q

motor TENS

A 
chronic pain
lower frequency
motor-level intensity
stimulates small-diameter afferent nerves
produces a slight muscle twitch
57
Q

brief-intense TENS (noxious tens

A 
chronic pain
stimulates C-fibers
variable frequency
highest possible tolerance
burning, needling, twitch, tetanic contraction
58
Q

IFC - interferential current

  • primarily used for
  • two channels
  • vectors
A 
two separate waves that meet
primarily used for
-pain reduction
-decrease in muscle spasm
two channels
-carrier frequency: 4200 Hz
-adjustable frequency: 4300 Hz
-beat frequency: 100 Hz
vectors
-static
-dynamic
59
Q

NMES - neuromuscular electrical stimulation

  • indications for use
  • effects
A 
"Russian" stim
indications for use
-neuromuscular re-education
-atrophy prevention
-muscle spasm
-edema
effects
-depolarization of alpha motor neurons
-increased proprioceptive feedback
-"milking" effect for reducing edema
60
Q

HVPC - high-volt pulsed current stimulation

A 
150 V = high volt
twin-peak monophasic waveform
short pulse width
results
-wound healing
-edema control
61
Q

wound healing with HVPC

A

high-frequency, low amplitude waves
sensory-level stimulation
HVPC promotes the natural healing process
strong research

62
Q

edema reduction with HVPC

A

stopping edema formation
resolving edema
moderate research
water application

Modalities (16 decks)

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