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Psychology 1XX3 > Audition > Flashcards

Audition Flashcards

1
Q

Variance across Species

A

based on different needs

land/water/air, long distances, high/low frequency sounds, etc

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2
Q

External Impact

A

evolutionary structures of the auditory systems

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3
Q

Basilar Membrane and Species

A

contains hearing receptors - sounds of different frequencies are processed along different areas of the membrane

  • cares in length across species
  • shorter in amphibians and reptiles, longer in birds, longest in mammals
  • longer membrane allows processing of a wider range of frequencies
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4
Q

Sound Waves

A

The Stimulus
Alternating bands of more and less condensed air particles interact with the eardrum to begin auditory processing (compressed air pushes eardrum inward; less dense cause s eardrum movement outwards)
-travel much slower than light waves and require some medium to travel through
-causes the air molecules surrounding the source to move, causing a chain reaction of moving air particles

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5
Q

Sound Initiation

A

vibrating object
burst of air
forcing air through a small cavity

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6
Q

3 Psychological sound waves

A

Loudness
Pitch
Timbre

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7
Q

Amplitude

A

measure of loudness

  • greater amplitude = greater intensity/higher waves = louder sound
  • measured in decibles
  • too loud can cause damage
  • 60 decibles = normal convo
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8
Q

Frequency

A

measure of pitch (distance between peaks)

  • measured in Hertz (Hz) - number of cycles per second/number of times a second that a cycle is made
  • many peaks = high frequency
  • audible zone of frequencies that humans can detect represent only a portion of the possible frequencies that can be produced
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9
Q

Timbre

A

measure of complexity/purity
-most of the sounds that we hear everyday are complex sound that are composed of multiple sound waves that vary in frequency

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10
Q

The Ear

A

detects the sound waves and convert them into something that the brain can understand

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11
Q

3 Layers of the Ear

A

External, Middle, Inner

  • each area conducts sound in a slightly different way
  • incoming changes in pressure are channeled though the external onto the middle, and amplified so it can be detected as changes in fluid pressure, converted into auditory neural impulses
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12
Q

External Ear

A

Pinna
Canal
Eardrum

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13
Q

Pinna

A

folded cone that collected sound waves in environmental and directs along the ear canal

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14
Q

Canal

A

narrows toward ear drum, amplifies incoming sound waves

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15
Q

Eardrum

A

thin membrane vibrating at the frequency of the incoming sound wave and forms back wall of ear canal

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16
Q

Middle Ear

A

other side of eardrum

Ossicles

17
Q

Ossicles

A

3 Bones called hammer, anvil, stirrup

  • create a lever system to amplify vibrations
  • convert to waves in the fluid filled inner ear
  • 20 times larger than oval window to which it is connected
18
Q

Inner Ear

A 
Coclea
Oval Window
Round Window
Basilar Membrane
Hair Cells
19
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid field tube about 35mm long

  • coiled like a snail shell
  • contains neural tissue necessary to transfer changed in fluid to neural impulses of audition
20
Q

Oval Window

A

small opening in side of cochlea

-when vibrates, causes displacement of fluid in cochlea

21
Q

Round Window

A

located at other end of cochlea

-accommodates for movements of fluid by bulging in and out accordingly

22
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

flexible membrane inside cochlea

  • when pushed downwards, fluid inside cochlea causes round window to bulge out
  • when pushed upwards, round window bulges inwards
  • gets wider towards the end
  • varies in flexibility and width, so sounds of different frequency cause different areas to vibrate
  • higher frequency = near oval window; low frequency = near round window
23
Q

Hair Cells

A

auditory receptors in Basilar membrane

  • move when membrane moves in response to waves in fluid
  • movement is converted into neural impulses
  • release neurotransmitters when activated and from synapses with bipolar cells, whose axons make up the cochlear nerve
  • outnumbered 4:1 but mainly contribute to signal
24
Q

Cochlear Nerve

A

outer hair cells are more numerous. but slower

  • inner hair cells are less numerous but faster and have more connections
  • axons synapsed with outer are unmyelinated and thin; axon synapsed with inner are myelinated
25
Q

Cochlear Nucleus

A

located in hindbrain

  • has separate dorsal and ventral streams
  • receives signal from EPSPs in cochlear nerve fibres which are triggered by neurotransmitter released by hair cells
26
Q

Topographical Organization

A

hair cells connect to the cochlear nerve such that neighbouring regions of hair cells remain together - maintained throughout auditory cortex
-different frequencies at different points on basilar membrane - info about similar frequencies are processed together

27
Q

Auditory Localization

A

ability to locate a source in space based on the fact that our sense organs are separated in space

  • there is no spatial may for audition - calculated from neural representations of incoming sound
  • the fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head in interaural differences in the sound that give cues for auditory localization
  • sound must travel farther to reach on ear as opposed to the other which gives cues to localization
28
Q

Time-Difference

A

measured in sub-milliseconds

  • dependent on direction of incoming sound
  • specific neurons in superior olivary complex to thinking of arrival of action potentials
29
Q

Interval Difference

A

loss of intensity for farther ear

  • close sounds - detectable
  • farther sounds - rely in difference in intensity caused by the head which casts a sound shadow
  • diminished intensity at distal ear
  • differences can be calculated and compared to determine location
30
Q

Sounds In front/behind

A

have little difference

  • harder to locate source
  • head rotation is a solution
31
Q

Pinna Cues

A

defracts incoming sound waves to make changes to frequency content

  • changes
  • used for localization
  • ear print =- every ear is different
  • alteration causes disorienting effect
32
Q

Echolocation

A

process by which a receiver emits sound pulses and analyzes the returning echo to form a perceptual image of objects in the environment

  • high frequencies bounce off objects and return to the bats ears
  • outgoing sound waves
  • analyzes slight differences in frequency content and timing of returning sound waves to determine characteristics
  • proximity
  • still versus motion (doplar)
  • texture
33
Q

Co-Evolution

A

the process by which the evolution and adaptation of traits of one species can directly affect the evolution of traits in another species
-prey learning to detect bat calls (increases moth survival rate by 40%)

34
Q

Paul Farvue

A

selective pressures of a predator can drive evolution of a defensive trait of a prey (can result in further selection pressures on predator and so on)
-interact individually; locked in arms race

Psychology 1XX3 (8 decks)

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