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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 18: Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

nutrient

A

Chemical that the

body requires from the environment.

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2
Q

macronutrient

A

Nutrient (carbohydrate, lipid, and

protein) required in large amount.

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3
Q

micronutrient

A

Nutrient (vitamin or mineral)

required in small amount.

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4
Q

nutrition

A

Study of the
sources, actions, and interactions of
nutrients.

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5
Q

essential nutrient

A 
Nutrient necessary for
growth, normal functioning, and
maintaining life that the diet must
supply because the body cannot
synthesize it.
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6
Q

neuropeptide

A

Peptide
in the brain that functions as a
neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.

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7
Q

cellulose

A

Polysaccharide
abundant in plant tissues that
human digestive enzymes cannot
break down.

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7
Q

beta oxidation

A

Chemical process that breaks fatty
acids down into molecules of acetyl
which bind coenzyme A, entering
the citric acid cycle.

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8
Q

essential fatty acid

A

Fatty acid required for health that
body cells cannot synthesize in
adequate amounts.

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9
Q

deamination

A

Removing amino groups (NH2) from

amino acids.

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9
Q

urea

A

Nonprotein nitrogenous
substance produced as a result of
protein metabolism.

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10
Q

essential amino acid

A

Amino acid required for health
that body cells cannot synthesize in
adequate amounts.

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11
Q

complete protein

A 
Protein that contains adequate
amounts of the essential amino
acids to maintain body tissues and
to promote normal growth and
development.
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12
Q

nitrogen balance

A

Condition in which the amount of
nitrogen ingested equals the amount
excreted.

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13
Q

calorie

A

Unit that measures
heat energy and the energy contents
of foods.

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14
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

Rate of metabolic reactions

when the body is at rest; BMR.

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15
Q

body mass index

A 
A measure of relative weight
(underweight, normal weight,
overweight, obesity) calculated
as weight in kilograms divided by
the square of height in meters; BMI.
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16
Q

obesity

A

Excess adipose
tissue; a body mass index greater
than 30.

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17
Q

energy balance

A

When
the caloric intake of the body equals
its caloric output.

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18
Q

vitamin

A 
Organic
compound other than a
carbohydrate, lipid, or protein
needed for normal metabolism but
that the body cannot synthesize
in adequate amounts and must
therefore be obtained in the diet.
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19
Q

provitamin

A

Precursor

of a vitamin.

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20
Q

thiamine

A

Vitamin of the

B-complex group; vitamin B1.

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21
Q

riboflavin

A

A vitamin of

the B-complex group; vitamin B2.

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22
Q

niacin

A

Vitamin of the

B-complex group; nicotinic acid.

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23
Q

pantothenic acid

A

Vitamin of the B-complex group;

vitamin B5.

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24
Q

pyridoxine

A

A vitamin

of the B-complex group; vitamin B6.

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25
Q

Cyanocobalamin

A

Vitamin b12

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26
Q

Folacin

A

B complex vitamin
necessary for normal cellular
synthetic processes; folic acid.

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27
Q

biotin

A

A water-soluble
vitamin; member of the vitamin B
complex.

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28
Q

Ascorbic acid

A

One of
the water-soluble vitamins; vitamin
C.

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29
Q

mineral

A

Inorganic element

essential in human metabolism.

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30
Q

trace element

A

Basic
chemical substance needed in small
quantity.

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31
Q

food pyramid

A

Triangular structure divided into
sections representing different types
and proportions of nutrients the
body requires.

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32
Q

malnutrition

A

Symptoms resulting from lack of

specific nutrients.

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33
Q

dietary sources: carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

A

starch from plant foods; glycogen from meats

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33
Q

dietary sources: carbohydrates (disaccharides)

A

milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, mollasses

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33
Q

dietary sources: carbohydrates (monosaccharides)

A

honey, fruit

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34
Q

dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - saturated fats

A

meat, eggs, milk, lard, palm, coconut oil

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34
Q

dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - unsaturated fats

A

seeds, nuts, plant oils

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34
Q

dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - monounsaturated fats

A

oil, peanut, canola oil

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34
Q

dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - cholesterol

A

liver, egg yolk, whole milk, butter, cheese, meats

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35
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K

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35
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

THiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Cyanocobalamin, Folic acid, Biotin, Vitamin C

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35
Q

Use: Carbohydrate

A

oxidized for energy; used in production of ribose, deoxyribose, and lactose; stored in liver and muscles as glycogen; converted to fats and stored in adipose tissue

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35
Q

marasmus

A

Starvation due

to profound nutrient deficiency.

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35
Q

Use: Lipids

A

energy; production of triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and cholesterol

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36
Q

Use: Proteins

A

production of protein molecules used to build cell structure and to function as enzymes or hormones; used in the transport of oxygen, regulation of water balance, control of pH, formation of antibodies; amino acids may be broken down and oxidized for energy or converted to carbohydrates or fats for storage

36
Q

Factors that effect energy requirement

A

gender, body size, body temp, endocrine gland activity

36
Q

positive energy balance

A

caloric intake exceeds output

36
Q

kwashiorkor

A

Starvation resulting from a switch
from breast milk to food deficient in
protein.

36
Q

negative energy balance

A

caloric output exceeds input

37
Q

ascites

A

Serous fluid
accumulation in the abdominal
cavity.

37
Q

Function: Vitamin A

A

B-carotene; synthesis of visual pigments,

37
Q

Source: Vitamin A

A

liver, dairy products, fruits and vegetables

38
Q

bulimia

A

Disorder of binge

eating followed by purging.

38
Q

Function: Vitamin D

A

calcium absorption

38
Q

Sources: Vitamin D

A

liver oil, milk (fortified, fish

39
Q

Function: Vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol - antioxidant; healing

39
Q

Source: Vitamin E

A

many (deficiencies rare)

40
Q

Function: Vitamin K

A

blood clotting, prothrombin and other blood clotting protiens

40
Q

Sources: Vitamin K

A

many

41
Q

Hypervitaminosis

A

toxic overdose of A and/or D

41
Q

Deficiencies

A

Vit A (night time blindness); Vit D (Rickets); Vitamin K (bleeding disorders); Vitamin E (hemolytic anemia in newborns)

42
Q

Function: Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid - antioxidant, collagen synthesis

42
Q

Source: Vitamin C

A

many plants

43
Q

Function: Thiamine

A

B1 - helps turn pyruvate into acetyl coa

43
Q

Function: Riboflavin

A

FAD production

44
Q

Pyridoxine

A

B6 - amino acid metabolism

44
Q

Folicin

A

Folic Acid - coenzyme needed for DNA synthesis

44
Q

Patothenic Acid

A

B5 - coA (energy reactions)

44
Q

Cyanocobalmin

A

B12 - absorption requires intrinsic factor; nucleic acid synthesis, red blood cells, myelin formation

44
Q

Biotin

A

needed for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism

45
Q

Calcium

A

bones and teeth, essential for neurotransmitter release, muscle fiber contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme activation, increases cell membrane permeability

45
Q

Phosphorus

A

bones and teeth, in nearly all metabolic reactions; in nucleic acids, many proteins, some enzymes, some vitamins; in cell membrane, ATP, and phosphates of body fluids

46
Q

Potassium

A

helps maintain intracellular osmotic pressure and regulate pH; required for nerve impulse conduction

46
Q

Sulfur

A

essential part of certain amino acids, thiamine, insulin, biotin, and mucopolysaccharides

47
Q

Sodium

A

helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids; regulates water movement; plays a role in nerve impulse conduction; regulates pH and transport of substances across cell membranes

47
Q

Chlorine

A

helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids, regulates pH; maintains electrolyte balance; forms hydrochloric acid; aids transport of carbon dioxide by red blood cells

48
Q

Magnesium

A

required in metabolic reactions in mitochondria that produce ATP; plays a role in the breakdown of ATP to ADP

48
Q

Iron

A

part of hemoglobin molecule; catalyzes formation of vitamin A; incorporated into a number of enzymes

49
Q

Manganese

A

activates enzymes required for fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis, formation of urea, and normal functioning of the nervous system

49
Q

Copper

A

essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, myelin formation

50
Q

Iodine

A

essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones

50
Q

Cobalt

A

component of cyanocobalamin; required for synthesis of several enzymes

51
Q

Zinc

A

component of enzymes involved in digestion, respirations, bone metabolism, liver metabolism; necessary for normal wound healing and maintaining integrity of the skin

51
Q

Fluorine

A

component of tooth structure

52
Q

Selenium

A

components of certain enzymes

52
Q

Chromium

A

essential for use of carbohydrates

53
Q

Liver’s role in fat metabolism

A

Synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins. Controls amount of cholesterol.

53
Q

Folicin

A

Folic Acid - coenzyme needed for DNA synthesis

54
Q

Biotin

A

needed for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism

54
Q

Calcium

A

bones and teeth, essential for neurotransmitter release, muscle fiber contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme activation, increases cell membrane permeability

54
Q

Phosphorus

A

bones and teeth, in nearly all metabolic reactions; in nucleic acids, many proteins, some enzymes, some vitamins; in cell membrane, ATP, and phosphates of body fluids

54
Q

Potassium

A

helps maintain intracellular osmotic pressure and regulate pH; required for nerve impulse conduction

54
Q

Sulfur

A

essential part of certain amino acids, thiamine, insulin, biotin, and mucopolysaccharides

54
Q

Sodium

A

helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids; regulates water movement; plays a role in nerve impulse conduction; regulates pH and transport of substances across cell membranes

54
Q

Manganese

A

activates enzymes required for fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis, formation of urea, and normal functioning of the nervous system

54
Q

Chlorine

A

helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids, regulates pH; maintains electrolyte balance; forms hydrochloric acid; aids transport of carbon dioxide by red blood cells

54
Q

Magnesium

A

required in metabolic reactions in mitochondria that produce ATP; plays a role in the breakdown of ATP to ADP

54
Q

Iron

A

part of hemoglobin molecule; catalyzes formation of vitamin A; incorporated into a number of enzymes

54
Q

Manganese

A

activates enzymes required for fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis, formation of urea, and normal functioning of the nervous system

55
Q

Copper

A

essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, myelin formation

55
Q

Iodine

A

essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones

55
Q

Cobalt

A

component of cyanocobalamin; required for synthesis of several enzymes

55
Q

Zinc

A

component of enzymes involved in digestion, respirations, bone metabolism, liver metabolism; necessary for normal wound healing and maintaining integrity of the skin

55
Q

Fluorine

A

component of tooth structure

55
Q

Selenium

A

components of certain enzymes

55
Q

Chromium

A

essential for use of carbohydrates

55
Q

Copper

A

essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, myelin formation

55
Q

Iodine

A

essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones

55
Q

Cobalt

A

component of cyanocobalamin; required for synthesis of several enzymes

55
Q

Zinc

A

component of enzymes involved in digestion, respirations, bone metabolism, liver metabolism; necessary for normal wound healing and maintaining integrity of the skin

55
Q

Fluorine

A

component of tooth structure

55
Q

Selenium

A

components of certain enzymes

55
Q

Chromium

A

essential for use of carbohydrates

55
Q

Liver’s role in fat metabolism

A

Synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins. Controls amount of cholesterol.

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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