2.1c Ethical issues in sport

Question 1

What are the 3 main types of performance enhancing drugs?

Answer 1

Anabolic steroids, Beta blockers, Stimulants

Question 2

What are anabolic steroids?

Answer 2

A drug which mimics testosterone

Question 3

What do anabolic steroids do?

Answer 3

Increase muscle mass and develop bone growth. Increase performers strength but allow them to work harder and recover quicker

Question 4

Desired effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 4

• Quicker recovery
• Train harder + longer
• Muscular hypertrophy
• Increased aggression

Question 5

Negative effets of anabolic steroids

Answer 5

• Liver + kidney damage
• Increased blood pressure
• Acne
• Reduced sperm count
• Development of breasts in men
• Facial hair + deepening of the voice in women

Question 6

Sports performers who may take anabolic steroids

Answer 6

• Sprinters
• Long jumpers
• Boxers
• Any performer that requires POWER

Question 7

What is taking performance enhancing drugs an example of?

Answer 7

Deviance

Question 8

What is a PED?

Answer 8

Performance enhancing drug: A substance to be taken to welcome physical or psychological benefits. But can also cause some unpleasant and unwanted side effects.

Question 9

Why are PED’s prohibited? (3 reasons)

Answer 9

• Undermine the principles of fair participation.
• Illegal to possess some substances
• Health and safety of the athlete (side effects)

Question 10

Why do athletes use PED’s?

Answer 10

• To perform better
• Pressure to become and remain the best
• Peer pressure
• Pressure from their coach/trainer
• To improve physically
• Financial benefits

Question 11

What are Beta-blockers?

Answer 11

Control the heart rate and have a calming and relaxing effect

Question 12

What do Beta-blockers do?

Answer 12

Maintain a low heart rate, precision and accuracy

Question 13

Desired effects of Beta blockers

Answer 13

• Reduces heart rate
• Keep hand steady
• Reduces effect of adrenaline

Question 14

Negative effects of Beta blockers

Answer 14

• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Headache

Question 15

Performers who may take Beta blockers

Answer 15

Archers, shooting, darts, performers who may need a steady hand + fine motor control

Question 16

What are stimulants?

Answer 16

Effect on the central nervous system, such as increased mental + physical alertness.

Question 17

What do stimulants do?

Answer 17

• Increase alertness
• Reduce tiredness
• Offsets negative effects of lactic acid

Question 18

Desired effects of stimulants

Answer 18

• Make athletes more alert
• Quick reactions
• Masks fatigue

Question 19

Negatives of stimulants

Answer 19

• Heart failure
• Addictive

Question 20

Performers who may take stimulants

Answer 20

• Sprinters
• Boxers
• Performers requiring a quick start or explosive push

Question 21

Advantages of drugs on the performer

Answer 21

• World records
• Increased chance of success
• Even playing field
• Fame/wealth

Question 22

Disadvantages of drugs on the performer

Answer 22

• It’s cheating and immoral
• Significant reputation damage
• Too many associated health risks
• Significant reputation damage
• Loss of friends and teammates

Question 23

Impacts of drugs on the sport

Answer 23

• Credibility of sport is questioned if too many scandals
• Undermines the integrity of the sport
• Bad reputation
• Cost of testing and education programmes

Question 24

What is sportsmanship?

Answer 24

The unwritten rules of competition showing respect for others and being gracious in victory or defeat. Good etiquette

Question 25

3 examples of sportsmanship

Answer 25

- Shaking hands with opposing performers at the start of a game - Walking in cricket if you hit the ball and were caught - Kicking the ball out in football if an opposing player is injured

Question 26

Why has sportsmanship declined?

Answer 26

- A large emphasis on winning - Media hype up events and rivalries - Monetary rewards

Question 27

Sports with a reputation of good sportsmanship

Answer 27

Ultimate frisbee - officiated by the players Golf - congratulating them on a good shot + remaining silent Tennis - Warming up with each other

Question 28

How can sportsmanship be increased?

Answer 28

- Introducing fair play schemes - Better quality officials and use of technology - Highlighting positive role models - Development of positive values early on in childhood - Punishment for negative behaviour - Stricter code of conduct for players, spectators and clubs

Question 29

What is gamesmanship?

Answer 29

Unethical methods to win or gain an advantage in a sport by ‘bending’ the rules’. (Not illegal)

Question 30

What are some characteristics of gamesmanship?

Answer 30

- Winning at all costs - Pushing/bending the rules to win - Not illegal but also not in the spirit of the game - Using tactics to gain psychological advantage - Dubious interpretations of the rules

Question 31

What are some examples of gamesmanship?

Answer 31

- Taking injury time outs during a tennis game - Over appealing in cricket - Standing in front of a snooker players shot line - Grunting in tennis - Holding in boxing

Question 32

What is deviance?

Answer 32

Deliberate and dangerous breaking of the rules, extending to violence, cheating and drug abuse.

Question 33

What are some examples of deviance?

Answer 33

- Suarez biting Chiellini in the world cup - Ben flower punching opponent in the face minutes after final starts

Question 34

What are reasons for deviance?

Answer 34

- People want to win so take a risk - Reaction to (poor) decisions by officials - To gain financial reward if you win - Because you are losing. - The pressure/expectation to win - Retaliation/revenge

Question 35

Is aggression violence (deviance)?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

What are reasons for violence in sport?

Answer 36

- Frustration - Physcial retaliation - Pressure from the media - To gain an advantage - Over arousal - Taunting from fans - Annoyed with officials - Aggressive cue (e.g tennis racket) - Rivalry

Question 37

What is a case study to do with violence?

Answer 37

Eric Cantona After being sent off, a fan was taunting him. In retaliation he kicked the fan and further received a 9 month ban.