2.2/2.3

Question 1

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 1

Neurons that carry incoming information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (multipolar)

Question 2

Sensory neurons (afferent)

Answer 2

Neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord (unipolar)

Question 3

Interneurons

Answer 3

CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs (multipolar)

Question 4

Action potential

Answer 4

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Question 5

How does an action potential occur?

Answer 5

Occurs when the inside of the cell suddenly reacts the max positive charge of +30 millivolt

Question 6

Resting potential

Answer 6

The state of a neuron when not firing a neutral impulse. -70 multivolts

Question 7

Stimulation stage

Answer 7

Neurons can be stimulated by…
Chemicals
Light
Heat
Mechanical distortion of the membrane

Question 8

Depolarization

Answer 8

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive while the outside becomes negative. K+ ions are left inside so the outside is almost completely negative. Na+/sodium channel opens

Question 9

Channels open or close during the action potential stage

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Repolarization

Answer 10

Return of the cell to the resting state, the K+ ions will leave the cell trying to balance everything out. Na+/sodium channel closes. K+/potassium channel opens

Question 11

Refractory period

Answer 11

Returning to resting period; this is where the Na/K pump is used, pumps 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and pumps 2 K+ ions into the cell. ATP must be used since we go from low concentration to high concentration

Question 12

How does the Na+/K+ pump work?

Answer 12

Pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell, 2 K+ in

Question 13

What happens in a 2 neuron arc?

Answer 13

Simple reflexes are prompt, short-lived, and automatic

Ex. Contraction of a muscle, blink of an eye when the cornea is touched

Question 14

2 neuron arc

Answer 14

Sensory to motor, true reflex

Question 15

3 neuron arc

Answer 15

Sensory, interneurons, motor neurons

Question 16

What happens in a 3 neuron arc?

Answer 16

The three types of neurons work together in a reflex action

Question 17

Receptors

Answer 17

Detect stimuli

Question 18

Speed of processing

Answer 18

The speed with which a person can mentally process information

Question 19

Why do activities that require more thought, make the body react slower?

Answer 19

Most actions require a large amount of brain activity, the brain needs time to receive, process, and interpret the same information. Therefore, more complex tasks take longer to process.

Question 20

Description of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 20

A progressive neurological disease
Breaks down certain parts of the brain
Impairs certain functions of the body, especially muscular coordination

Question 21

What happens to the neurons when someone has Parkinson’s

Answer 21

Nerve cells in basal ganglia die or become damaged
Brain produces less dopamine
Norepinephrine is produced less (causes fatigue and irregular blood pressure)

Question 22

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 22

Tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, affective flattening

Question 23

Treatments for Parkinson’s

Answer 23

Levodopa (converted into dopamine)
Carbidopa (reduces breakdown of levodopa)
Dopamine agonists (mimics dopamine)

Question 24

Prognosis for Parkinson’s

Answer 24

Rate of progression varies from person (mild symptoms can last years, while some may evolve rapidly)
Life expectancy stays normal
Mental disorders also arise in patients with Parkinson’s (depression, anxiety, etc)

Question 25

Growth hormone

Answer 25

Produced by anterior pituitary gland
Targets cells, bones, and muscles
Function: grow and repair

Question 26

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 26

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland
Targets mammary gland
Function: milk production

Question 27

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Answer 27

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland
Targets melanocytes
Function: creates pigment

Question 28

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 28

Produced by anterior pituitary gland
Targets gonads
Function: secretes sex hormones

Question 29

Luthenizing hormone (LH)

Answer 29

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland
Targets gonads
Function: secretes sex hormones (estrogen)

Question 30

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 30

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland
Targets the thyroid gland
Function: secretes thyroxine

Question 31

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ADTH)

Answer 31

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland
Targets the cortex of adrenal glands
Function: secretes aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone

Question 32

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 32

Produced by the posterior pituitary gland
Targets kidneys
Function: water retention

Question 33

Oxytocin (OT)

Answer 33

Produced by the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland
Targets uterine muscles, mammary gland, and wide-spread brain
Function: helps with labor contractions, milk ejection, and bonding

Question 34

Acromegaly

Answer 34

Abnormal enlargement of the extremities, produced too much growth hormone

Question 35

What hormone is making Randall suffer?

Answer 35

Growth hormkne

Question 36

Which endocrine organ creates acromegaly

Answer 36

Pituitary gland

Question 37

Nervous system

Answer 37

Uses electrical impulses
Brain, spinal cord
Impulses are transmitted through neurons
Responses are localized

Question 38

Endocrine system

Answer 38

Uses chemical messages
Glands and organs
Hormones are transmitted through blood vessels
Responses are wide spread