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22-23-Y9-Geography > 22-23-Y9 Geography (Spring) > Flashcards

22-23-Y9 Geography (Spring) Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

Ecosystems are communities made up of living things and their non-living surroundings or environment.

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2
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Living components of an ecosystem such as plants and animals.

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3
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Non-living components of an ecosystem such as the climate and soil.

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4
Q

The Nutrient Cycle

A

The recycling of nutrients within an ecosystem involving the breaking down of organic matter by decomposers.

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5
Q

Producer

A

An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis.

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6
Q

Primary Consumer

A

A creature that eats plant matter. Also known as a herbivore.

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7
Q

Secondary consumer

A

A creature that eats other animals. Also known as a carnivore.

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8
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism that breaks down dead plant and animal matter such as bacteria and fungi.

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9
Q

Nutrients

A

A substance that provides nourishment which is essential to growth. Plants require nutrients from the soil such as nitrogen andpotassium.

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10
Q

Food chain

A

The connections between different organisms that rely on one another as their food source.

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11
Q

Food web

A

A complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food.

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12
Q

Biome

A

A large global ecosystem with specific climatic characteristics. The flora and fauna are adapted to their specific environment.

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13
Q

Climate Graph

A

A graph which gives the average annual precipitation (in bars) and the average temperature (with a line).

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14
Q

Adaptation

A

The process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

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15
Q

Fragile environment

A

A delicate ecosystem easily impacted by humans.

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16
Q

Deforestation

A

Removal of forest on a large scale.

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17
Q

Sustainability

A

Sustainability is meeting the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to do the same.

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18
Q

Drip tip leaves

A

Some leaves are shaped with pointed tips to allow water to get off them quickly. This reduces damage to the leaf.

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19
Q

Lianas

A

These are woody creepers rooted to the ground which wind up around trees. The purpose for this is to reach light.

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20
Q

Buttress roots

A

These are huge ridges at the bottom of trees. They help support tall trees and to transport water. They also increase the surface area to help the O₂ / CO₂ exchange.

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21
Q

Thin bark

A

The bark forms a thin smooth layer on the outside of the tree which helps water flow off of the tree quickly.

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22
Q

Emergent layer

A

Competition for light and space causes trees to grow fast. Their trunks are tall and straight. The tallest trees form the Emergent layer. Buttress roots support these tall trees. Epiphytes (air plants) grow high up on the branches of trees to gain access to the light.

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23
Q

Canopy layer

A

The Canopy layer is where the majority of animals live. The vegetation is dense and shades the forest below

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24
Q

Undercanopy layer

A

Plants and small trees wait for gaps in the canopy to then grow really fast reaching the light.

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25
Forest Floor
Plants on the forest floor are shade tolerant and able to cope in the darker conditions. They have large leaves to maximise photosynthesis.
26
Logging
The business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to sawmills. Teak and Mahogany worth the most.
27
Energy
Dams have been built to generate Hydroelectric Power (HEP). Large areas of rainforest have been destroyed by flooding. Bakun Dam- 700km2 cleared.
28
Mineral extraction
The removal of mineral resources from the earth. Tin and smelting most common. Pollutes rivers and air. Trees above the mines and quarries are removed.
29
Population pressure
The population is growing and land needs to be cleared in order to make way for housing farmland and new roads.
30
Agriculture
Large contribution to GDP of poorer countries. Lots of tropical countries therefore deforest to make room for farmland. Palm oil is a very profitable crop. The profits can help develop the country.
31
permafrost
Areas of permanently frozen ground.
32
tundra
Biome with cold temperatures resulting in permafrost and limited vegetation
33
polar
Extremely cold biomes covered with ice sheets
34
thermal growing season
The warmer months in the tundra where temperatures rise enough for plants to grow.
35
Arctic fox
A fox found in tundra environments that can camouflage itself.
36
bear berry
Small red berry plants found in the tundra.
37
adaptation
The process of being able to survive in an environment due to special characteristics.
38
Arctic lichen
A very small plant that grows low to the ground.
39
geothermal energy
Heat created in the Earth’s crust due to tectonic activity then turned into electricity.
40
fragile environment
A delicate ecosystem easily impacted by humans.
41
wilderness area
An area with very limited human activity and the land is in a natural state.
42
albedo effect
The act of snow and ice reflected the sun’s energy back to Space cooling the area.
43
economic development
Using different activities to generate income and growth for an area.
44
management
The process of protecting an area whilst still using it for human activity.
45
Arctic Council
The 8 Arctic countries join together to protect the Arctic Ocean and environment.
46
Paris Agreement
Landmark legislation to protect the environment and reduce the impacts of climate change.
47
NGOs
Non-governmental Organisations- charities.
48
technology
The internet mobile phones and data storage.
49
Inuit
Local (indigenous) people living in Alaska Greenland and Canada.
50
Arctic Council
8 countries make up the Arctic Council: Canada US Russia Norway Finland Denmark Iceland and Sweden. They discuss how to protect the Arctic Ocean peoples and polar and tundra landscapes. Regional management method.
51
Paris Agreement
Countries around the world agreed to cut carbon emissions and reduce temperature increase to within 1-2 ̊C range to limit impact on melting ice caps and rising sea levels. Global management method.
52
NGO
Charities like Greenpeace campaign to protect ecosystems from damage from climate change and try to force countries into cutting carbon emissions by reducing fossil fuels. Global management method.
53
technology
Technology like the internet can connect communities that are isolated in cold environments bringing them education and healthcare enabling them to survive and develop. Regional management method.
54
hemisphere
Half of the earth usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator
55
continent
One of several land masses
56
ocean
A body of water that comprises most of a planet’s hydrosphere.
57
sea
A body of water found on the margins of the ocean and partially enclosed by land
58
monarchy
A form of government in which a person the monarch is head of state
59
democratic
A form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their government
60
conflict
A clash of interest/disagreement between people and/or countries
61
relief
The lay of the land: mountainous or flat rivers or desert
62
physical feature
The natural characteristics that make up a place
63
human feature
Characteristics of a place that have been made by humans
64
desert
An area of land that receives no more than 25cm of precipitation per year
65
precipitation
Rainfall snow sleet hail
66
climate
The average/expected weather conditions over a long period of time in an area (usually 30 years)
67
development
The process of improving a country and making citizens wealthier
68
commodity
A substance or product that can be traded bought or sold
69
tourism
The operation of holidays and visits to places of interest
70
LIC
Low income countries
71
HIC
High income countries
72
water insecurity
A lack of sufficient water to meet human needs or scarcity of water supplies.
73
drought
Long shortages in water supplies either through lack of precipitation or a fall in groundwater supplies.
74
agriculture
The science or practice of farming
75
irrigation
The supply of water to land or crops to help growth
76
desalination
The process of removing salt from seawater
77
sustainable
Meeting the needs of people today without impacting future generations
78
strategic
To help business/government achieve their overall goals.
79
poverty
The state of being extremely poor
80
corruption
A form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted with a position of authority in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's private gain
81
birth rate
The number of live births per thousand of population per year
82
life expectancy
 The number of years a person can expect to live
83
Place
a portion of geographic space that is unique in some way and can be compared with other places
84
Space
interactions that link places together e.g. the movement of people from one place to another (migration)
85
scale
understanding where certain places are at a variety of scales ranging from local (nearby) to global (worldwide)
86
interdependence
where geographical locations are dependent on one another in some way or form e.g. low income countries relying on high income countries for aid
87
physical & human processes
human or physical mechanisms of change such as migration or sea-level rise
88
environmental impacts
the effect that people and/or natural occurrences have on the environment and our surroundings
89
sustainable development
improving places in such a way that does not harm the environment or the people in it for now or for future generations
90
cultural awareness
our understanding of the differences between ourselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds
91
cultural diversity
our ability to recognise that there are a large amount of different cultures that exist around our world
92
Postive Impacts of Tourism
provides jobs for locals. income from tourists spending money. Money from tourism can be spent on improving the country in terms of healthcare education and roads. This is known as infrastructure.
93
Negative Impacts of Tourism
cultural erosion of the host country. Many tourists can use up valuable resources e.g. water supply. Money made from tourism is often only spent on making facilities better for the tourists and not the locals. The tourism industry can exploit migrant workers. Tourism can have huge environmental impacts e.g. water pollution impacting on wildlife.

22-23-Y9-Geography (2 decks)

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