22 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Reproduction, Development and Maintenance
A
Why do cells need to divide? (3 Reasons)
2
Q
produce new individuals
A
Cell reproduce to: (3 words)
3
Q
Morphogenesis
A
The development of a particular body shape and organization.
4
Q
Differentiation
A
the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function
5
Q
tissue renewal and damage repair
A
2 functions of cell maintenance:
6
Q
Plasticity
A
Ability to generate different types of cells
7
Q
Potency
A
Capable of producing cellw whcih differentiate into certain cell types
8
Q
Limb regeneration
A
Extreme example of tissue renewal
9
Q
blastema
A
clump of undifferentiated cells that salamanders produce instead of scabs
10
Q
Totipotent
A
Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell
11
Q
Fertilized egg
A
Example of where Totipotent cells are found
12
Q
Pluripotent
A
Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body’s cell types
13
Q
Multipotent
A
Cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells
14
Q
Unipotent
A
Can only become one type of cell
15
Q
Embryonic Stem Cells
A
Example of where Pluripotent cells are found
16
Q
Bone marrow and amniotic fluid
A
Examples of where Multipotent cells are found
17
Q
Liver and skin
A
Examples of where Unipotent cells are found
18
Q
Nuclear membrane, organelles and multiple chromosomes
A
Complications of cell division in eukaryotes
19
Q
Karyotype
A
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell.
20
Q
homologous
A
2 chromosomes which contain the same genes
21
Q
before
A
Chromosomes are duplicated _____ cell division.
22
Q
Somatic and Sex
A
2 kinds of cells in eukaryotes
23
Q
46
A
How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?
24
Q
23
A
How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?
25
Diploid
an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes
26
23
How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human sex cell?
27
23
How many sets of chromosomes are in a human sex cell?
28
Haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
29
Triploid
when an organism has three sets of chromosomes (3n)
30
Tetraploid
when an organism has four sets of chromosomes (4n)
31
Chromatin
DNA and protein tightly packed together, this material forms the chromosomes
32
Duplex
AKA Double Stranded
33
Nucleosome
Bead-like structure in eukaryotic chromatin, composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
34
Histone
Globular protein that assist in DNA packaging in eukaryotes. ____ form octamers around which DNA is wound to form a nucleosome.
35
Supercoiled
refers to the over-winding of a DNA strand, and is an expression of the strain on the polymer. _____ is important in a number of biological processes, such as compacting DNA.
36
Replicate DNA, Replicate Organelles, Separate the DNA and organelles, divide the cytoplasm
4 things cells must do to divide
37
cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
38
Kinetochore
A specialized region on a chromosome centromere. A set of proteins that provide the point of attachment of spindle fibers.
39
centromere
a region of specialized chromatin found within each constricted chromosome that provides the foundation for kinetochore assembly and serves as a site for sister chromatid attachment
40
Sister Chromatids
Two identical copies of a eukaryotic chromosome that are held together at the centromere. Each chromatid consists of a single DNA molecule.
41
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. About 90% of the cell life is spent here. (20min to several weeks)
42
G1
In interphase - cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles; also performs regular cell functions.
43
S
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. DNA is uncoiled during this stage. Kinetochore is duplicated.
44
G2
Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis)
45
Mitosis
Cell's division (PMAT) of the nucleus. Final product is 2 cells that are exactly like the parent cell. (10% of the cell cycle)
46
Prophase
Centrioles move to opposite ends and DNA coils into chromosomes. Nucleoli become obscure. Chromatin begin to condense. Spindle apparatus beings to form later in the stage.
47
Prometaphase
The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
48
Metaphase
Very brief period. Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at metaphase plate (middle of cell). Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles. Cohesions are degraded, kinetochore microtubules pull them apart. Ends when sister chromatids split.
49
depolymerizing
Kinetochores move by _____ tubulin subunits using motor proteins.
50
Anaphase
Chromosomes move towards outer ends of cell & are pulled apart by the microtubules. Phase ends when chromosomes are widely separated. Cytokenisis usually beings around this time.
51
Telophase
reverse of prophase Spindles disappear, nuclear membrane forms, nucleoli reappear, ends when nucleus looks as it does in interphase.
52
outside
Animal cells divide from the _____.
53
inside
Plant cells divide from the _____.
54
centrioles
Animal cells contain _____ which are absent in plant cells.
55
Cleavage furrow
The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell.
56
actin
The Cleavage furrow is formed by a band of _____ microfilaments.
57
myosin
_____ sinches the actin microfilament band to split the animal cell in 2.
58
cell walls
Plant cells have ____ _____'s which animals cells lack.
59
plate
A cell ____ forms between 2 daughter cells after mitosis in plant cells.
60
cell plate
A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
61
multinucleated
When the cytoplasm doesn't divide after mitosis (mitosis but not cytokinesis), the result is a _________ cell.
62
muscles
Skeletal _____ are examples of multinucleated cells.
63
cytoplasmic molecules
The cell cycle can be affected by _______ ______.
64
checkpoints
There are regulatory _________'s at the end of the G1, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle.
65
protein kinase
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein. A key factor in cell division. About 1% of human genes code for these. (2 words)
66
Cyclin dependant kinase
A protein that is constantly present in the cell at the same concentration, but is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. After binding it forms Maturation Promoting Factor. (3 words)
67
Maturation Promoting Factor
(MPF); complex of mitotic cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase that's necessary for division of cells. Activates the mitotic phase. (Allows to pass G2 checkpoint)[3 words]
68
G2
Maturation Promoting Factor allows the cell to pass the __ checkpoint.
69
Cohesions
Hold sister chromatids together. They don't dissolve until all the chromosomes are lined up.
70
Anaphase promoting complex
What does APC stand for? (Internal cue) [3 words]
71
Internal cues
Serve as a wait signal for the cell not to divide until the chromosomes are ready. (2 words)
72
cancer
_______ cells don't obey the normal cell cycle controls.
73
Growth
_____ factors are and external biochemical cue from other cells.
74
Anchorage dependance
requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface. (2 words)
75
Density dependent inhibiton
The phenomenon observed in normal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. (3 words)
76
cancer
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
77
tumor
A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably.
78
benign
______ tumors can be removed completely with surgery.
79
Malignant
Any tumor that is cancerous and has the potential of spreading to other parts of the body & impairs normal organ function.
80
Carcinoma
Cancer of the epithelial cells such as skin, lining of the lungs, glands, lining of the digestive tract, urinary.
81
Sarcoma
Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.
82
Leukemia
This is a cancer of the blood-forming organs. Bone marrow, spleen, lymph system, characterized by abnormal increase of WBCs. Most common form of cancer in children.
83
Metastasis
Is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body via blood or lymph.
84
Stem cell
Uudifferentiated cell which is portne (able to become many cells)
