2.2 aftermath of 1967 war Flashcards
(21 cards)
What was UN Resolution 242 and when was it proposed ?
-“Land for Peace” solution to Arab-Israeli conflict
[] Israel to withdraw from territories gained in 1967
[] Arab nations to recognise Israel
[] settlement of the “refugee problem” (no specifics negotiated)
December 1967
[] USA and USSR voted in favour of it
Describe Arab (not Palestinian) reactions to Resolution 242
-Egypt + Jordan initially agreed with the Resolution
-Khartoum Conference August 1967 produced “3 Nos” and meant that all Arab states thus rejected the Resolution
3 Nos:
[] No peace with Israel
[] No recognition of Israel
[] No negotiations with Israel
-these 3 Nos would stay in place UNLESS Israel pulled out of ALL occupied territories gained from 1948 onwards
[] slowly put pressure on the US (and USSR) to resolve Israel’s military occupation, as peace in the Middle East and thus economic security for the US would not entirely be achieved until Israel made peace with at least one Arab country .
Describe Israeli reactions to Resolution 242
-willing to negotiate separately with each country over the occupied territories.
[] prevented Israel from being pressured or bullied into submission and withdrawal by the Arab nations all at once
-didn’t commit to withdrawing fully from any territories it had gained
Describe Palestinian reactions to Resolution 242
-offense at being labelled a “problem” despite being forced into refugee status
-Res. 242 IGNORED THE PALESTINIAN RIGHT TO RETURN
[] also didn’t make Israel give back the Palestinian lands gained in the 1948-49 war, so there would STILL be no Palestinian state.
-the lack of specificity in negotiating a “settlement to the refugee problem” meant that Israel would likely drag its feet or find some way around it if they accepted the Resolution, take years longer for a solution to be found and longer for it to be implemented.
-Palestinians completely rejected Land for Peace because of this
Describe the key features and events of the War of Attrition (1967-August 1970)
-Suez Canal blocked by ships sunken in Six Day War
[] because Egypt didn’t permit Israel’s use of Canal for trade, Israel repeatedly stopped Egypt from clearing the Canal for its own use
[] meant MASSIVE LOSS IN TOLL MONEY for Egypt - took toll on Egyptian economy
[] also took toll on world economy as trade and prices of goods manufactured in Asia rose massively; couldn’t use Suez Canal so extra mileage added to ships’ journeys and thus shipping = more expensive
Nasser rearmed Egyptian military with Soviet aid
[] wanted to force the Israelis to back down to regain at least some semblance of Arab power
Egyptian forces began regularly bombing and bombarding Israeli positions on the Sinai side of Canal
[] Israeli retaliation (raiding + bombing Egyptian towns, cities + oil refineries) damaged Egyptian economy badly, as well as oil sale from Egypt to the world
-by 1970, 1000 Israeli deaths
-USSR and USA both deeply involved in the conflict via providing monetary and military equipment aid; 15 000 Soviet military advisors were in Egypt also and Soviet pilots fought Israeli pilots in dogfights
by August 1970, both Egypt and Israel realised that the war could drag on for years
[] both sides were economically weak, suffered additionally due to damage inflicted by the War of Attrition and couldn’t maintain a long-term conflict .
[] agreed to a ceasefire arranged by USA in fear of further Soviet involvement in the destruction
of Israel etc.
Describe Israel’s reasons to keep/annex the occupied territories 1967
-Israel needed natural resources and space to grow, given by the territories.
-Israel needed safety to trade in order to grow and establish any sort of economy long-term
the occupied territories gave security to Israel.
-the occupied territories were religiously significant - east Jerusalem contained - wailing wall and temple mount.
[] all part of the Promised Land given to Jews by God
[] East Jerusalem had the Wailing Wall and Temple Mount (two holiest Jewish sites)
[] could clamp down on Fatah activity and Feyadeen raids in Gaza and the West Bank
Describe Israel’s reasons to give the occupied territories (“Land for peace”)
-annexation was illegal and would bring massive amounts of negative publicity for Israel, shifting sympathy to Arabs and Palestinians
[] this would mean less sympathy and listening to Israeli desires and motives, and more support for the Palestinian cause and re-establishment of a Palestinian state (Israel would lose land)
annexing would mean giving citizenship to 1 million Arabs as well as allowing them to vote
[] would massively outnumber Jews and would essentially be as if the one solid state of Palestine was re-established as Arabs would easily win in politics, office etc.
military occupation was expensive due to resistance and constant military expenditure
[] Israel’s economy was also relatively weak due to lack of ability to trade at this point, and so these expenditures took a toll on the economy overall
Did Israel give back the occupied territories ?
-no
-annexed East Jerusalem and placed the rest under military control
[] clamped down on Gazan Feyadeen raids and Fatah activity in the West Bank
Describe the significance of the occupied territories for Arabs (military, economic, religious, legal/land/population-based)
religious significance:
[] East Jerusalem had the Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa Mosque
legal/land/population-based significance:
[] Egypt legally owned Sinai and had occupied Gaza since 1948
[] Jordan legally owned the West Bank since it had annexed it in the 1948-49 war
[] the occupied territories were home to hundreds of thousands of Arabs and the Palestinian refugees also
economic significance:
[] Sinai contained Egypt’s only oil supplies (main industry)
[] Israeli occupation meant that Egypt lost out on toll money from the Suez
[] Golan Heights had fertile land and water that were crucial to Syria
military significance:
[] Israel could fire on Syrian towns and the capital from the Golan Heights
Describe the aftermath of the Six Day War for Palestinian refugees living in the occupied territories
300 000 fled the West Bank
Jordanian refugee camps were FULL
[] placed enormous pressure on the Jordanian economy as well as King Hussein’s rule
camp conditions grim
Israel and the Arab nations argued over responsibility for resolving the mass displacement of Palestinian refugeed
[] Israel argued it was Arab responsibility because it had to support many Arab Jews that had instead moved to Israel
[] Arabs argued that it was Israeli responsibility because of the war that they officially started and then took occupied territories WHERE PALESTINIAN CAMPS ALREADY WERE
many Palestinians in these camps joined guerrilla groups (mainly Fatah and the PFLP)
Who were the PFLP and what were their aims ?
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
founded in 1967
wanted destruction of Israel and focused on targets outside of Israel to bring global attention to the Palestinian issue, forcing government leaders to take greater action in defence of Palestine
[] unlike Fatah, who hoped to achieve destruction of Israel through direct attacks and raids
Describe the key events of the Fatah bus bombing as well as the Israeli reprisal in March 1968
Fatah mine blew up Israeli schoolbus
[] killed teachers and wounded 10 children
[] 38th Fatah operation that year
Israel decided to destroy Karameh, Jordan (Arafat’s new base after the 1967 war)
[] sent 15 000 troops and took 150 prisoners
[] faced strong resistance from Fatah guerrillas and Jordanian troops (Israel unexpected support)
Discuss the successes and failures of the Israeli reprisal on Karameh, March 1968
success:
[] destroyed Fatah base in Karameh
[] took 150 prisoners
failure:
[] lost 28 soldiers, 27 tanks and 2 aircraft due to the massive resistance to the attack
[] condemned internationally for its use of excessive force - sympathy given to Palestinians and Jordan
[] Fatah grew in strength after the attack instead of being weakened: gained 5000 and Arafat’s popularity/good reputation as a leader resulted in him becoming chairman of the PLO in 1969 - MORE PALESTINIAN POWER UNIFIED UNDER ARAFAT = EASIER TO ORGANISE ATTACKS + RESISTANCE, AND ARAFAT BECAME THE FIGUREHEAD OF THE PALESTINIAN MOVEMENT
In what year did Arafat become the chairman of the PLO ?
1969
When were the PFLP plane hijacks in Dawson’s Field, Jordan ?
September 1970
Describe the key events and significance of the PFLP plane hijacks in Dawson’s Field, Jordan, September 1970
Describe the events and significance of Black September 1970 (the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan)
Describe the events of the Massacre at the Munich Olympics, 1972
After expulsion from Jordan, where did the PLO/Fatah go to establish a new base ?
Describe the key impacts of Palestinian terrorism from 1967-72
What was “Operation Wrath of God and what were its consequences ?”
