2.2 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
What is a monomer?
A
An individuel molecule that has the ability to bond with other molecules
2
Q
What is a polymer?
A
Two or mor monomers bonded together
3
Q
What is a carbohydrate monomer called?
A
Monosaccharides
4
Q
What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
A
CnH2nOn
5
Q
How are monosaccharides named?
A
They are named based off of the number of carbon atoms
6
Q
What are the 2 types of glucose?
A
- Alpha glucose
- Beta glucose
7
Q
What is the structure of alpha glucose?
A
- Hexose
- C6H12O6
- OH is below the H (carbon 1)
8
Q
What is the structure of beta glucose?
A
- Hexose
- C6H12O6
- OH above the H
9
Q
What are alpha and beta glucose examples of?
A
Isomers
10
Q
What is an isomer?
A
Things that have the same chemical formula but a different general structure
11
Q
What reaction causes alpha glucose to bond?
A
It bonds through a condensation reaction
12
Q
What does a condensation reaction produces?
A
- A glycosidic bond (1-4)
- Water
13
Q
How is sucrose produced?
A
Alpha glucose and fructose bonding
14
Q
How is lactose produced?
A
Galactose and alpha glucose bonding
15
Q
How is cellobiose produced?
A
2 beta glucose molecules bonding
16
Q
How is maltose produced?
A
2 beta glucose molecules bonding
17
Q
What type of bond is a glycosidic bond?
A
Covalent bond
18
Q
How is a glycosidic bond broken?
A
A hydrolysis reaction
19
Q
How does a hydrolysis reaction work?
A
It breaks the bond by adding a water molecule back in
20
Q
What elements are carbohydrates made from?
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
21
Q
What elements are lipids made from?
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
22
Q
What elements are proteins made from?
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Sulfur
23
Q
What elements are nucleic acids made from?
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Phosphoru
24
Q
What are calcium ions involved in?
A
- Muscle contraction
- Nerve impulse transition
25
What are sodium ions involved in?
- Co-transport
- Reabsorption of water in the kidney
- Nerve impulse transmission
26
What are potassium ions involved in?
- Stomatal opening
- Nerve impulse
27
What are hydrogen ions involved in?
- Chemiosmosis
- pH determination
- Catalyst for reactions
28
What are ammonium ions used in?
- Nitrogen cycle, where bacteria converts them into nitrate ions
29
What are nitrate ions involved in?
- Mineral absorption by plants so they can make amino acids
30
What are hydrocarbonate ions used in?
Maintaining the pH of the blood
31
What are chloride ions used in?
Balancing the positive charge of sodium and potassium ions in cells
32
What are phosphate ions used in?
The formation of:
- Phospholipids
- Nucleic acids
- ATP
They are also used in making bones
33
Why is water polar
The oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogens are slightly negative
34
What do hydrogen bonds form between?
The oxygen from on molecule and the hydrogen from another
35
How strong are hydrogen bonds?
Individually they are quite weak, but lots of hydrogen bonds are really strong
36
Why is water important as a solvent?
It allows it to interact with other polar molecules pulling them apart because of the molecules been slightly charged they attract oppositely charge molecules
37
Why is water important as a transport medium?
They are easy to transport dissolved substances around plants and animals because they are cohesive
38
Why is water important as a cooler?
- It had a high specific heat capacity because it requires a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds
- It had a high latent heat of vaporisation due to the amount of energy required to turn it into a gas
39
Why is water important as a habitat?
- It buffers the temp so it provides a stable environment
- The cohesion creates surface tension so smaller invertebrates are able to move and live on the surface
- Ice is less dense due to the hydrogen bonds so it is able to float on top of the water
40
Why are non-polar molecules not able to dissolve in water?
They are hydrophobic so they repel the water
41
What is water cohesion?
Water molecules sticking together by hydrogen bonds
42
Why is water having a high specific heat capacity an advantage?
The internal temperatures of plants and animals should remain relatively constant, so enzymes are less likely to denature
43
What are 3 types of monomers?
Glucose, amino acid and a nucleotide
44
What polymers can glucose form?
Starch, cellulose and glycogen
45
What polymer does an amino acid form?
Protein
46
What polymers does a nucleotide form?
DNA and RNA
47
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic bond
48
How is maltose formed?
Glucose and glucose
49
How does a condensation reaction work?
Joining two molecules together by removing water
50
What is the monomer that starch is made from?
Alpha glucose
51
What bond forms in amylose?
1-4 glycosidic
52
What bond forms in amylopectin?
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic
53
What is the function of starch?
Stores glucose in plant cells such as chloroplasts
54
What is the structure of amylose?
An unbranched helix
55
What is the structure of amylopectin?
A branched molecule
56
How does amyloses structure lead to the function?
- The helix can compact and fit a lot of glucose in small spaces
- Insoluble so it won’t affect the water potential
57
How does the structure of amylopectin lead to its function?
- The branched structure increases the surface area for rapid hydrolysis
- Insoluble so it won’t affect the water potential
58
What is the monomer of cellulose?
Beta glucose
59
What bond forms in cellulose?
1-4 glycosidic
60
What is the function of cellulose?
Structural strength for cell walls in the plant
61
What is the structure of cellulose?
Polymers form long straight chains that are held in parallel by hydrogen bonds to form fibrils, macro fibrils combine to form cellulose fibre
62
How does the structure of cellulose lead to its function?
- Many hydrogen bonds provide a collective strength
- Insoluble so it won’t affect the water potential
63
What is the monomer of glycogen?
Alpha glucose
64
What bonds form in glycogen?
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic
65
What is the function of glycogen?
Store glucose in animals, mainly the muscles and liver
66
What is the structure of glycogen?
A highly branched molecule
67
How does the structure of glycogen lead to its function?
- The branched structure increases the surface area for rapid hydrolysis
- Insoluble so it does not affect water potential
68
What type of molecule are lipids?
Macromolecules
69
What are 4 features of lipids?
- Non-polar molecules
- Insoluble in water
- Dissolve in organic solvents such as ethanol
- Hydrophobic
70
What is the structure of a lipid?
Fatty acids and glycerol
71
How a triglycerides formed?
Condensation reaction between 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids
72
What bond is formed when making a triglyceride?
3 ester bond
73
What is a saturated fatty acid?
The hydrocarbon chains only have single bonds between the carbons
74
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
The hydrocarbon chain consists of at least one double bond between carbons
75
What are the properties of triglycerides?
- Can transfer energy due to the large ratio of energy storing carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms
- Act as a metabolic water source because they can release water when oxidised
- Insoluble so they won’t affect osmosis
- Low in mass so don’t affect the overall mass
76
What is the structure of phospholipids?
Glycerol molecule and a phosphate group in the head and 2 fatty acid chains
77
What are the properties of phospholipids?
- The head it hydrophilic so they attract water
- The tail is hydrophobic so it repels water
- Can form a phospholipid bilayer (membrane structure)
78
What is the structure of cholesterol?
4 carbon rings and a hydroxyl at one end
79
What impact does cholesterol have on a cell membrane?
Helps to control the movement of molecules across the membrane by:
- At high temperature it reduces fluidity
- At low temperatures it increases fluidit
80
What are the 4 levels of proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure
81
What is the primary structure of a protein?
**The order** of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain
82
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The further folding of an amino acid chain to form with an alpha helix of a beta pleated sheet. Hydrogens bonds hold the secondary structure together
83
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The further folding to form a 3D structure. The structure is held in place by:
- Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
- Hydrogen bonds (weak)
- Ionic bonds (stronger bonds forming between the R-groups)
- Disulphide bridges (strong covalent bonds between sulphur atoms)
84
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
A protein made up of multiple polypeptide chains, has a prosthetic group
