2.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
What are the five properties of lipids?
A
Energy store, energy source, insulation, protection and buoyancy
2
Q
How many molecules of fatty acid is in a singular triglyceride molecule?
A
3
3
Q
How many molecules of glycerol is in a singular triglyceride molecule?
A
1
4
Q
What is OL or a functioning alcohol group represented by?
A
O-H
5
Q
What is the skeletal formule for a hydrocarbon?
A
A zig-zag
6
Q
What two parts is a fatty acid molecule made up of?
A
Carboxylic acid and a hydrocarbon
7
Q
What determines the fatty acid?
A
The length of the hydrocarbon chain
8
Q
What type of reaction bonds a fatty acid molecule to a glycerol molecule?
A
Condensation reaction
9
Q
How many molecules of water are formed in the formation of a triglyceride?
A
3
10
Q
What is the C-O-C bond in a triglyceride molecule called?
A
Ester bond
11
Q
What does the phospholipid bilayer make up?
A
Plasma membrane
12
Q
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
A
Their tails
13
Q
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
A
Their heads
14
Q
What does the phosphodiester bond link?
A
Phosphate group and glycerol
15
Q
What is the unit in a polypeptide?
A
Amino acids
16
Q
How many amino acids are there?
A
20
17
Q
In the structure of an amino acid, what is the variable group?
A
The R group
18
Q
Apart from the R group, what is the rest of the amino acid structure?
A
Constant
19
Q
What part of an amino acids structure is the amine group?
A
NH2
20
Q
What does Glycine have in it’s R group?
A
Hydrogen
21
Q
What does Cysteine have in it’s R group?
A
Sulphur’
22
Q
What is the bond between two sulphur molecules?
A
Disulphide bond
23
Q
What reaction bonds two amino acids?
A
Condensation reaction
24
Q
What is a peptide bond?
A
The bonding of the carbon from the carboxylic acid from one amino acid to the nitrogen from the amine group of another amino acid
25
Why is the peptide bond between two amino acids actually called a Dipeptide bond?
It is dependant on the two amino acids
26
What determines the polypeptide?
The sequence of amino acids
27
What are the four levels of bonding in a polypeptide?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
28
What is the primary level of bonding?
The primary structure of an amino acid is the sequence of amino acids
29
What is the secondary level of bonding?
The sequence of amino acids is either folded into a sheet or coiled.
30
What is created when it is coiled?
An alpha helix
31
What is created when it is folded to a sheet?
A beta (pleated) sheet
32
What decides if it folds into a sheet or coils?
The sequence of amino acids
33
What represents a hydrogen bond in the diagram of either an alpha helix or a beta sheet?
A dashed line, - - - - -
34
What is the tertiary level of bonding?
The tertiary structure is where the alpha helix or the beta sheet condenses
35
What does the alpha helix become in the tertiary level of bonding?
Globular protein
36
What does the beta sheet become in the tertiary level of bonding?
Fibrous protein
37
Which protein (globular or fibrous) is metabolic?
Globular
38
Which protein (globular or fibrous) is structural?
Fibrous
39
What are the three examples of globular proteins?
Haemoglobin (Hb), Hormones and Enzymes
40
What are the three examples of fibrous proteins?
Collagen, Elastin and Keratin
41
What are four bonds that happen in both globular and fibrous structures?
Further hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulpide bonds and Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic interactions
42
What can you not have a tertiary structure without?
At least two cysteine molecules
43
Why are ionic bonds important?
They have some charge which means the ions that are positive and the ions that are negative are attracted which helps keep the structure
44
Where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions in fibrous proteins?
Hydrophobic: outside
Hydrophilic: Inside
45
Where are the hydrophilic interactions in a globular protein?
Outside
46
What are three properties of collagen?
Flexible, permeable, hydrophobic
47
What are three properties of elastin?
Stretchy, insoluble, thin
48
What are three properties of keratin?
Insoluble to dilute acids, strong, healing
49
What are three properties of haemoglobin?
Pigment, soluble in water, high iron content
50
What are three properties of hormones?
Soluble in water, small in structure, very potent
51
What are three properties of enzymes?
Sensitive to temperature, varied active sites, reversibility
52
What is the quaternary level of bonding?
More than one polypeptide chain bonded together
53
What are the two types of glucose?
Alpha glucose and beta glucose
54
What does isomers mean?
Same molecule formule but different skeletal formule
55
To bond two glucose molecules (either alpha to alpha or beta to beta) what reaction takes place?
Condensation reaction
56
What bonds are included in the formation of an alpha helix?
Alpha glucose to alpha glucose
57
What bonds are included in the formation of a beta sheet?
Beta glucose to beta glucose
58
What is the bond between two alpha/beta glucose called?
Alpha/Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
59
How are two alpha glucose molecules bonded?
The carbon 1 from one and the Carbon 4 from the other (after a water molecule is released)
60
What do the top two hydrogens in two alpha glucose molecules have?
A slight positive charge which leads them to repel each other
61
What does the slight positive charge on the hydrogens lead to?
Instead of staying straight they start to bend which is what creates the coil/helix
62
Does the same formation of two alpha glucose molecules happen between two beta glucose molecules?
Yes except since there aren't two hydrogens next to each other, they don't repel
63
What happens instead of the glucose molecules coiling in the bonding of two beta glucose molecules?
The molecules start to form as zig-zag as the two OH parts have to bond together. After many beta glucose molecules bonding together, it creates a honeycomb shape which is the beta pleated sheet
64
What is the bond called in a branched polysaccharide?
Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond to Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond
65
Glycogen: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?
Branched alpha glucose, found in animals and is an energy store
66
Amylose: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?
Alpha glucose, found in plants and is an energy store
67
Amylopectin: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?
Branched alpha glucose, found in plants and is an energy store
68
Cellulose: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?
Beta glucose, found in plants and makes up the cell wall
69
What is the slight positive/negative charge of hydrogen/oxygen represented by?
Delta symbol with - or + on the top right side
70
What does the covalent bonding of oxygen and hydrogen in water mean?
Each hydrogen shares a pair of electrons with oxygen
71
What are the other pairs of electrons called on the outer shell of oxygen?
Lone pairs
72
What makes water polar?
Uneven distribution of charge
73
How do you represent two water molecules bonding together
Hydrogen bond, - - - - -
74
Why is water a good solvent?
As water is polar, the slightly positive end of a water molecule will be attracted to the negative ion and vice versa. This means the ions will get totally surrounded by water which dissolves them.
75
Why is water a good cohesive?
Due to its polarity as cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type
76
Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?
It has hydrogen bonds which can absorb a lot of energy and then it takes a lot of energy to heat it up
77
Why does water have a high latent heat of vapourisation?
Due to hydrogen bonds because it takes a lot of energy to break them
78
Why is water less dense when it is solid?
Water molecules are held further apart in ice than they are in liquid because each water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds to another water molecule
79
What are the positive inorganic ions/cations?
Hydrogen ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, sodium ion and ammonium ion
80
What are the negative inorganic ions/anions?
Phosphate ion, nitrate ion, hydroxide ion, chloride ion and hydrogen carbonate ion
81
What is a colorimeter used to determine in quantitative tests?
Concentration of glucose solution
82
How is the colorimeter used?
By measuring the absorbance. The more concentrated the colour of the solution, the higher the absorbance
83
What do biosensors detect in quantitative tests?
Chemicals in a solution
84
How do biosensors work?
The biological molecule produces a signal, which is converted to an electrical signal by a transducer. This signal is processed and can be used to work out other information
