2.2 Cellular Respiration

Question 1

What is respiration

Answer 1

Enzyme controlled reactions that generate ATP by the release of energy from food

Question 2

Where is ATP made

Answer 2

The mitochondria

Question 3

When is the energy released from ATP

Answer 3

When the terminal (last) phosphate is removed

Question 4

Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration

Answer 4

Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain

Question 5

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 5

The cytoplasm

Question 6

What is glucose broken down into during glycolysis

Answer 6

Pyruvate

Question 7

Name Stage 1 in glycolysis

Answer 7

Energy investment stage

Question 8

How many ATP are needed for energy investment

Answer 8

2

Question 9

What is phosphorylation

Answer 9

ATP molecules gaining a phosphate

Question 10

What is stage 2 called and how many ATP does it produce

Answer 10

Energy payoff and 4

Question 11

What is the net gain of glycolysis

Answer 11

2

Question 12

What do dehydrogenase enzymes do

Answer 12

Remove hydrogen ions and electrons from intermediates

Question 13

What is NAD

Answer 13

Hydrogen carrier/acceptor

Question 14

What is NAD’s role

Answer 14

Picks up hydrogen ions and electrons to form NADH and carries them to the electron transport chain

Question 15

What type of reaction is glycolysis

Answer 15

Aerobic (with oxygen)

Question 16

Where does the citric acid cycle occur

Answer 16

The central matrix

Question 17

The citric acid cycle will only occur if what is present

Answer 17

Oxygen

Question 18

What is the first stage of the CAC

Answer 18

Pyruvate is broken down into an acetyl group which binds with coenzyme A to from acetyl coenzyme A

Question 19

What is the second stage of the CAC

Answer 19

The acetyl from acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate

Question 20

How many ATP does the citric acid cycle produce

Answer 20

1

Question 21

What is the by product of the CAC

Answer 21

Carbon dioxide

Question 22

What is the electron transport chain

Answer 22

A chain of protein molecules attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 23

Where does the NADH in the ETC come from

Answer 23

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Question 24

What is stage 1 of the ECT

Answer 24

Electrons flow along the electron transport system and release energy

Question 25

What is stage 2 of the ETC

Answer 25

The energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane to the inner membrane space

Question 26

What is stage 3 of the ETC

Answer 26

The returning flow of hydrogen goes back into the matrix through ATP synthase, generating ATP from ADP + Pi

Question 27

What is the last stage of the ETC

Answer 27

Electrons and hydrogen combine with oxygen to form water

Question 28

What is the final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor

Answer 28

Oxygen

Question 29

What is ATP synthase's role in the ETC

Answer 29

Adds phosphates to ADPs

Question 30

What is the alternative the the citric acid cycle when oxygen is not present

Answer 30

Fermentation

Question 31

Where does fermentation occur

Answer 31

In the cytoplasm

Question 32

When does fermentation occur in animals

Answer 32

During strenuous exercise and is reversible

Question 33

Describe fermentation in animals

Answer 33

Glucose pyruvate > O2 debt builds up > Lactate > O2 debt repaid > Glucose pyruvate

Question 34

Describe fermentation in plants

Answer 34

Glucose > Pyruvate > Ethanol + CO2

Question 35

Why is fermentation in plants irreversible

Answer 35

Cells are damaged because by the high concentration of alcohol and the loss of carbon dioxide from the cells