2.2 Criteria

Question 1

Define respiration:

Answer 1

The breakdown of respiratory substrates to release energy.

Question 2

What are the three stages in respiration?

Answer 2

1. Glycolysis
2. Citric acid cycle
3. Electron transport chain

Question 3

What is glycolysis?

Answer 3

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

Question 4

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 4

Cell cytoplasm

Question 5

Name the two phases of glycolysis:

Answer 5

1. energy investment stage
2. energy payoff phase

Question 6

ATP is required to phosphorylate glucose, and intermediates, during which phase of glycolysis?

Answer 6

Energy-investment phase

Question 7

Phosphorylation in the energy investment phase of glycolysis results in what?

Answer 7

The generation of more ATP in the energy payoff phase

Question 8

There is a NET GAIN of what in glycolysis?

Answer 8

ATP

Question 9

What is the end product of glycolysis?

Answer 9

Pyruvate

Question 10

In what type of conditions can pyruvate be broken down to an acetyl group?

Answer 10

Aerobic conditions

Question 11

Acetyl combines with conenzyme A to form what?

Answer 11

Coenzyme A

Question 12

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 12

In the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 13

What 2 components combine with each other to form Citrate

Answer 13

The acetyl group of Acetyl conezyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate

Question 14

Citrate is converted back into oxaloacetate in a series of what?

Answer 14

Enzyme controlled steps

Question 15

The citric acid cycle yeilds what?

Answer 15

ATP and carbon dioxide

Question 16

What enzymes are involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Answer 16

Dehydrogenase enzymes

Question 17

What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?

Answer 17

Remove hydrogen ions and electrons from metabolites and pass them to the coenzyme NAD to form NADH.

Question 18

Hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed on to what?

Answer 18

The electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 19

Where is the (ETC) electron transport chain located?

Answer 19

On the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 20

The ETC is a series of what?

Answer 20

Carrier proteins on the inner mirohondrial membrane

Question 21

Electrons are passes along the ETC to release what?

Answer 21

Energy

Question 22

The energy released by the ETC allows what?

Answer 22

Hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 23

The flow of hydrogen ions through which membrane protein produces ATP?

Answer 23

ATP synthase

Question 24

Hydrogen ions and electrons combine with what to form water

Answer 24

Oxygen

Question 25

In the absence of oxygen fermentation occurs, where?

Answer 25

Cell cytoplasm

Question 26

Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation results in much less production of what?

Answer 26

ATP production

Question 27

In animal cells, pyruvate in converted to what?

Answer 27

Lactate

Question 28

Is the conversion of pyruvate to lactate reversible or irreversible?

Answer 28

Reversible

Question 29

In plants and fungi, pyruvate is converted to what 2 components?

Answer 29

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Question 30

Is the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide reversible or irreversible?

Answer 30

Irreversible

Question 31

ATP is used to transfer what?

Answer 31

Energy to processes which require energy

Question 32

Name cellular processes that require energy:

Answer 32

1. Protein synthesis 2. Contraction of muscles 3. Active transport 4. DNA replication 5. Carbon fixation