[2.2] Epidemiology in Public Health

Question 1

Environmental and host factors influence the development of disease

Answer 1

Hippocrates 400 BC

Question 2

Who wrote the essay entitled “On Airs, Waters, and Places”

Answer 2

Hippocrates 400 BC

Question 3

Published analysis of mortality data in 1662

Answer 3

John Graunt 1662

Question 4

First to quantify patterns of birth,
death, and disease occurrence

Answer 4

John Graunt 1662

Question 5

Noted disparities between males and females, high infant mortality, urban/ rural differences, and seasonal variations

Answer 5

John Graunt 1662

Question 6

Systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics

Answer 6

William Farr 1800

Question 7

Father of Modern Vital Statistics and Surveillance

Answer 7

William Farr 1800

Question 8

Reporting to health authorities and the general public

Answer 8

William Farr 1800

Question 9

Father of Field Epidemiology

Answer 9

John Snow 1854

Question 10

Conducted studies of cholera outbreaks to discover the cause of disease and to prevent its recurrence

Answer 10

John Snow 1854

Question 11

What century is the British Doctor’s Study about smoking causes lung cancer

Answer 11

19th and 20th Century

Question 12

Smoking decreases life span up to ____

Answer 12

10 years

Question 13

What century was the Framingham Heart Study

Answer 13

19th and 20th Century

Question 14

What study says “Cardiac health is influenced by lifestyle, environmental factors, and inheritance “

Answer 14

Framingham Heart Study

Question 15

Origin of the term Risk Factor

Answer 15

Framingham Heart Study

Question 16

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

Answer 16

Epidemiology

Question 17

Major role of epidemiology is to provide a clue to changes that take place over time in the health problems presenting in the community

Answer 17

Changing Patterns

Question 18

Populations are facing a rise of non-communicable diseases generally among affluent sections while communicable diseases and under-nutrition still persist among the poorest sections of the society

Answer 18

Double Burden of Disease

Question 19

Populations suffer from backlog of common infections, undernutrition, and maternal mortality, the emerging challenges of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and mental illness, and the problems directly related to globalization, like pandemics and the health consequences of climate change.

Answer 19

Triple Burden of Disease

Question 20

Infectious microorganism
Pathogen

Bacteria, Virus, Parasite

Pathogenicity
(ability to cause disease)

Virulence
(severity of a disease)

Chemical and Physical
causes of injury

Answer 20

Agent

Question 21

Human exposure and
susceptibility

Age and Sex

Behaviors and Practices

Genetic composition,
nutritional and
immunologic status

Answer 21

Host

Question 22

Extrinsic factors that affect the agent and
opportunity for exposure

Answer 22

Environment

Question 23

If a high enough proportion of individuals in a population are resistant to an agent, then those few who are susceptible
will be protected by the resistant majority.

Answer 23

Herd Immunity

Question 24

Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time

Answer 24

Disease Timeline

Question 25

The stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms, is usually called the [1]_______ for infectious diseases and the [2]_________ for chronic diseases

Answer 25

[1] Incubation period [2] Latency period

Question 26

The onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to clinical. Ranging from mild to severe or fatal.

Answer 26

Spectrum of disease

Question 27

Persons who are infectious but have a subclinical disease or individuals who harbors the organism but are not infected. This person, however, can still infect others

Answer 27

Carriers

Question 28

Carrier of Salmonella, she worked as a cook in New York City and caused 10 typhoid fever outbreaks

Answer 28

Mary Mallon

Question 29

Refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

Answer 29

Sporadic

Question 30

The habitual presence of a disease within a given geographical area. The usual occurrence of a given disease within an area.

Answer 30

Endemic

Question 31

The occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source

Answer 31

Epidemic

Question 32

Refers to a worldwide epidemic

Answer 32

Pandemic

Question 33

Group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.

Answer 33

Common-source outbreak

Question 34

If the group is exposed over a relatively brief period, so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one incubation period

Answer 34

Point-source outbreak

Question 35

Case-patients have been exposed over a period of days, weeks, or longer

Answer 35

Continuous common-source outbreak

Question 36

Results from transmission from one person to another. Usually, transmission is by direct person-to-person contact

Answer 36

Propagated outbreak

Question 37

Cases occur over more than one incubation period

Answer 37

Propagated outbreak

Question 38

Epidemics have features of both common source epidemics and propagated epidemics

Answer 38

Mixed epidemics

Question 39

What are the Steps in the Epidemiological Approach

Answer 39

Step 1: Immediately Step 2: Disease Control Steps Step 3: EPidemiological Research Step 4: Calculate the attack rate Step 5: Why did it happen Step 6: Prevention of recurrence

Question 40

What Step is: Determination of the population at risk

Question 41

What Step is: Mobilization of the health sector, invoking of an “emergency/ disaster plan”

Answer 41

Step 1 (Immediately)

Question 42

What Step is: Isolation and treatment of cases Notification Search for and quarantine of contacts

Answer 42

Step 2 Disease Control Steps

Question 43

Separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick

Answer 43

Isolation

Question 44

Separates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick

Answer 44

Quarantine

Question 45

What step answers WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE?

Answer 45

Step 3 Epidemiological Research

Question 46

What step is: Attack Rate Food-Specific Attack Rate Secondary Attack Rate

Answer 46

Step 4 Calculate the attack rate

Question 47

Based on the type of epidemic and its graph, determine the incubation period Combine this with the diagnosis, and search back to the common cause

Answer 47

Step 5 Why did it happen

Question 48

Follow up: set up control program - Agent - Transmission Route - Host

Answer 48

Step 6 Prevention of recurrence

Question 49

Reporting of specific disease cases

Answer 49

Active surveillance:

Question 50

Routine health statistics

Answer 50

Passive surveillance

Question 51

Associations on population levels may not reflect associations on individual levels.

Answer 51

Ecologic Studies

Question 52

Incorrectly assuming that an association on a population level reflects an association on an individual

Answer 52

Ecologic Fallacy

Question 53

A type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time.

Answer 53

A cross-sectional

Question 54

In ________ investigators enroll individuals who do not yet have the health outcomes of interest at the beginning of the observation period, and they assess exposure status for a variety of potentially relevant exposures

Answer 54

cohort studies

Question 55

The Framingham Heart Study is an example of _____ cohort study

Answer 55

Prospective Cohort Studies

Question 56

The Nurses Health Study is an example of ______ cohort study

Answer 56

Prospective Cohort Studies

Question 57

Cohort: Employees of a tire manufacturing company

Answer 57

Retrospective Cohort Study

Question 58

Used to determine if there is an association between an exposure and a specific health outcome. These studies proceed from effect (e.g. health outcome, condition, disease) to cause (exposure)

Answer 58

Case-control studies

Question 59

Research model used to estimate causal relationships without random assignment

Answer 59

Quasi-experimental Design

Question 60

2 examples of Quasi-experimental Design

Answer 60

Time series design and Pretest Posttest Design

Question 61

What Kind of Design: Measurements are taken multiple times before and after a treatment to observe changes over time

Answer 61

Time series Design

Question 62

Participants are measured before and after receiving a treatment to assess changes

Answer 62

Pretest posttest Design

Question 63

Similar to prospective cohort studies, in design in that studies with or without a given exposure are followed over time to compare the incidence of the outcome of interest

Answer 63

Intervention Studies

Question 64

New treatments are tested for the effectiveness in treating diseases

Answer 64

Therapeutic Trials

Question 65

Healthy or high-risk individuals are tested to determine whether a treatment prevents disease

Answer 65

Preventive Trials