2.2 Established political parties: conservatives Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
the tories
17th century 2 groups emerging
A
- whigs - supporting parliament
- tories - supporting monarchy
2
Q
industrial growth
whigs vs tories in industry: which did each group support
A
- industrial growth challenged authority of aristocracy
- ## new emerging middle classes supported whigs, aristocracy favouring tories
3
Q
industrial growth
what did ‘conservative’ begin to mean
A
- toreis were resistant to new political structures and reform
4
Q
the conservatives
Robert Peel: who was he ? what was the tamworth manifesto?
A
- briefly PM in 1834
- lost power as the party split over the corn law reforms
- 1834: Tamworth manifesto, Robert Peel began to transform the tories into something resembling the conservative party
5
Q
the conservatives
by the 1860s? What was the conservaties main objective?
A
- Benjamin DIsraeli was helping to shape the party
- main objective was to prevent inequality, preserve unity, preserve order.
6
Q
the conservatives
two main traditions
A
- ‘one nation conservativism’
- ‘new right conservativism (developing in the 1980s)
7
Q
traditional values
what was the influence on american and french revolutions on Edmund Burke and traditional values? What did conservatives worry?
A
- reaction against these revolutions
- Edmund Burke became alarmed at ideas of freedom of the individual, tolerance of different political/religous beliefs, and a laissez-faire attitude
- conservatives worried a free society with limited control would lead to social disorder.
8
Q
Edmund Burke
thinking
A
- ‘good order is the foundation of all good things’
- new ideas of liberty, equality, democracy were creating a disordered society
- conservatives were suspicious of new ideas that threatend order
9
Q
Human nature
conservatives view on human nature and individual freedoms
A
- pragmatic view of human nature: conservatives stress the competitive nature of people over being sympathetic and caring
- conservatives also believe we need security and order over individual freedoms
- they see us as individuals who want to pursue individual goals
10
Q
traditions
traditions: examples
A
- the church
- the monarchy
- traditional marriage
- religion
11
Q
traditions
Burke’s view on tradition
A
- helped provide continuity between the past and the present
12
Q
traditions
‘British values’?
A
- love for democracy
- tolerance
- respect for individual liberties
13
Q
traditions
Burkes work title
A
- Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790
14
Q
traditions
Thomas Hobbes view on human nature
A
- negative
- insisted if there wasn’t a strong government, anarchy would ensue
15
Q
one-nationism
What was Disraelis book
A
‘sybil’ 1845
- or The Two Nations
16
Q
one-nationism
what was his idea put forward in Sybil
A
- the rich and the poor were two nations which would cause provlems if they got further apart
17
Q
one-nationism
what do one-nations oppose?
A
- excessive inequality
- measures that promote inequality
18
Q
one-nationism
govern with the interests of..?
A
- THE WHOLE NATION
- inclusivity
- economic prosperity
19
Q
property
what do conservatives think about property?
A
- it needs protecting
- property ownership is a fundamental aspect of individualis,
20
Q
pragmatism
pragmatism implies
+++ Michael Oakeshott
A
- ‘flexible approach’ to politics, incorporating an understanding of what will preserve society, but also what is best for them
- Michael Oakeshott said politics should be ‘a conversation not an argument’
21
Q
new right
neoliberals
2 groups
A
- principle that buisinessmen and successors regulate the economy, so a free market with low taxation is important
22
Q
new right
neoconservatives
2 groups
A
- more associated with traditional conservativism and authoritarianism
23
Q
new right
how did the new right emerge?
A
- it was becoming increasingly obvious one-nationism wasn’t compatible with England, as the TUC was demanding more and more wages
24
Q
new right
how was the term developd
A
- in the USA in the 1970s
- adopted by Thatcher in the 1970s/80s
25
# new right
reaction against...?
- socialism
- spreading around Europe, Asia, South America
26
# new right
founding thinkers
- Friedrich Hayek
- Irving Kristol
- Milton Friedman
27
# new right
what does it mean
- less state intervention
- more powers to fight crime and disorder
- strong defence
28
# neoliberalism
proposals
- reducing direct taxation
- privatisation
- reducing welfare benefits
- curbing power of unions
- laissez-faire attitude to economy
- excessive intervention creates a 'dependency culture'
29
# neoconservativism
proposals
- strong (but small) state
- maintaining authority and discipline
- socially conservative
- law and order are crucial
- suspicious of large supra-national associations (like the EU)
- nationalistic
30
# groups within the conservative party
cornerstone
| ideas + president/chairman?
- traditionalist leaning
- supports unitary governance of the british state
- **president**: Edward Leigh
- **chairman**: John Hayes
31
# groups within the conservative party
conservative way forward group
| ideas + chairman
- favours thatcher's thinking
- adapting her methods for the current era
- **chairman**: Steven Baker
32
# groups within the conservative party
Tory Reform Group
| ideas + senior figures
- one nation conservativism
- supported by david cameron
- *'modern, progressive conservativism...economic efficiency and social justice'*
- **senior figures**: Michael Heseltine, Douglas Hurd, Ken Clarke, Chris Patten
33
# current conservative ideas and policies
criticisms, Cameron, economics under cameron
- Criticisms against Thatcher meant Thereasa May said people labelled them the 'nasty party' (**2002**)
- Cameron was socially progressive, encouraging same-sex legislation, promoting 'big society' and encouraging young people to support their communities
- as a result of economic struggles: Cameron and Osborne cut spending
- They combibed one nation conservativism with thatcherite financial housekeeping
34
# current conservative ideas and policies
**Tory Manifesto 2024**: key ideas
- defence
- strong on immigration (Rwanda)
- tougher sentences and new prisons
- net zero
- cuts to welfare and the civil service
- limiting migration
35
# different conservative fractions
'common sense group'
- struggles against progressive reforms such as BLM and Extinction Rebellion
- 136 page booklet exressing specific ideas on immigration, the legal system and family life
36
# different conservative fractions
european research group
- hardline brexiters
- revolts from members within this group saw May limit brexit compromises, and eventually ejecting her from downing street
- many have movd on to more relevant pressure groups now
- but meant a decreasing number of one nation conservatives
37
# modern day conservative policies
the economy (One-nation vs Thatcherite)
- **One-Nation**: under Johnson, in **2021** public spending was 42% of the economy.
- **Thatcherite**: Although, under Sunak there were huge cuts reminiscent of thatcherite economic polices
38
# Modern day conservative policies
welfare (**one-nation vs thatcherite**)
- **one-nation**: 'living wage' under George Osborne in **2015**
- **2021**: Johnson established a new secretary of state for 'levelling up' housing and communities
- **thatcherite**: universal credit system is based on the more you earn, the fewer benefits you recieve, which suggests an anti-dependency approach
39
# Modern day conservative policies
law and order (**thatcherite**)
| IPA **16** + **24**
- **Investigatory Powers Act 2016**: government enhanced powers of surveillance to protect national security
- appointments being critics of liberalism such as Priti Patel and Suella Braverman
40
# Modern day conservative policies
foreign policy (**Thatcherite**)
- withdrawal of the EU
- **16.5b** increase in UK defence spending under Sunak
- Defence alliance with Austrailia and the US (AUKUS) to counteract China
- protecting British interests, demonstrating the Uks continued military outreach, strong opposition to russia, criticising china.
41
# Modern day conservative policies
conflict within the party
- outrage over Lizz Truss finance tax cuts
- Johnson and Sunak's governemnts kept taxes high to maintain public services
- Suella Braverman incredibly socially conservative unlike David Cameron
