2.2 Macromolecules

Question 1

What element do organic compounds contain?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

What are the four major groups of organic compounds?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Question 3

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

Answer 3

Main source of (short-term) energy

Question 4

What elements make up carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 5

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

sugar/monosaccharide

Question 6

Glucose, fructose, and ribose are examples of ____saccharides

Answer 6

monosaccharides

Question 7

How many sugar units are monosaccharides made out of?

Answer 7

One

Question 8

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of ____saccharides

Answer 8

disaccharides

Question 9

How many sugar units are disaccharides made out of?

Answer 9

Two

Question 10

Glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of ___saccharides

Answer 10

polysaccharides

Question 11

How many sugar units are polysaccharides made out of?

Answer 11

more than two

Question 12

What is glycogen?

Answer 12

The polysaccharide of glucose

Question 13

What is glycogen stored?

Answer 13

Plants and the muscles and livers of animals

Question 14

What is a common name for cellulose?

Answer 14

Fiber

Question 15

What does cellulose do?

Answer 15

Helps with bowel movements

Question 16

Where is cellulose found?

Answer 16

Cell walls of plants

Question 17

Is cellulose digested?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

Where is chitin found?

Answer 18

exoskeletons of arthropods

Question 19

What are simple carbohydrates? Are they good or bad?

Answer 19

Quickly digested mono- or di-saccharides. Bad.

Question 20

What are complex carbohydrates? Are they good or bad?

Answer 20

Starches & polysaccharides. Good.

Question 21

What is the monomer of a lipid?

Answer 21

fatty acids

Question 22

What are the functions of a lipid?

Answer 22

1. Build membranes and protective layers
2. Store energy
3. Communicate (hormones)

Question 23

What are some examples of lipids?

Answer 23

Fats, waxes, steriods, and phospholipids

Question 24

What are fats used for?

Answer 24

Storing energy and insulation

Question 25

What are waxes used for?

Answer 25

Waterproofing

Question 26

What are steroids?

Answer 26

Chemical messengers

Question 27

What do phospholipids do?

Answer 27

Make up cell membranes

Question 28

What are unsaturated fats?

Answer 28

Fats that do not have all possible hydrogen atoms/double carbon bonds

Question 29

What are saturated fats?

Answer 29

Fats that have all possible hydrogen atoms/no double carbon bonds

Question 30

What are trans fats?

Answer 30

A type of unsaturated fat that is extremely unhealthy.

Question 31

Rank the fats from healthiest to least.

Answer 31

Unsaturated, saturated, trans.

Question 32

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 32

Store and tranfer genetic information

Question 33

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 33

nucleotide

Question 34

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

Answer 34

DNA and RNA

Question 35

What are the types of nucleotides?

Answer 35

A, C, G, T, and U

Question 36

DNA and RNA work together to make what other organic compound?

Answer 36

Protein

Question 37

Which type of fat is typically liquid at room temperature?

Answer 37

Unsaturated

Question 38

What is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 38

amino acids

Question 39

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 39

1. Control the rate of reactions (act as reactions/enzymes) 2. Regulate cell processes 3. Used to form bones and muscles 4. Transport substances (oxygen) into/out of cells 5. Help fight disease

Question 40

Explain how condensation dehydration synthesis reaction occurs.

Answer 40

Two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecules seperate from a monomer via an enzyme and create water, bonding two monomers together

Question 41

What molecule is created during dehydration synthesis?

Answer 41

Water

Question 42

What molecule is neeeded to help join monomers during dehydration synthesis?

Answer 42

Polymerase enzyme

Question 43

Explain how hydrolysis works.

Answer 43

A water molecule is added to a substance, causing it to react and break down

Question 44

What molecule is needed during hydrolysis?

Answer 44

Water

Question 45

What molecule is needed to seperate polymers?

Answer 45

Hydrolase enzyme

Question 46

What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

Answer 46

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Question 47

When glucose goes through dehydration synthesis, it turns into...

Answer 47

maltose

Question 48

What are triglycerides (lipids) composed of?

Answer 48

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 49

Describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 49

hydrophilic heads enclosing the hydrophobic region (sandwhich style)

Question 50

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 50

phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 51

How many amino acids are used to build proteins?

Answer 51

20

Question 52

What makes all 20 amino acids different from each other?

Answer 52

Their R group

Question 53

What is the name of the bond formed between two amino acids?

Answer 53

Peptide bond

Question 54

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 54

When many amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds

Question 55

How is the primary structure of a protein determined?

Answer 55

The name and order of each amino acid

Question 56

Why is the primary structure of a protein fundamental to protein function?

Answer 56

THE ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS DETERMINES THE SHAPE AND HOW THE PROTEIN FOLDS, AND THE SHAPE OF THE PROTEIN DETERMINES ITS FUNCTION