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CARDIO EXAM 2 > 2.2 Nutrition and heart disease > Flashcards

2.2 Nutrition and heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

Lipoprotein Overview:

are Dietary and Serum Cholesterol the same?

A

Dietary and Serum Cholesterol are NOT the same

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2
Q

what type of cholesterol causes fatty streaks in coronary artery disease?

A

LDL

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3
Q

what are 4 non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

Age
Gender
CAD history in the family
Genetic predisposition

“ACGG”

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4
Q

what are 4 diet-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

Obesity
Diabetes
Hypertension
Diet

“ODHD”

they have a nutrition component

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5
Q

what is the #1 cause of death in the US?

what is the 2nd cause of death in the US

A

CVD (cardiovascular disease)

cancer

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6
Q

what is the function of cholesterol in cell membranes?

A
  • Component of all cell membranes (except inner mitochondrial membrane)
  • Regulates membrane fluidityr
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7
Q

what is the function of cholesterol in bile acids?

A

-Emulsification of dietary lipid (bile acids are amphipathic)

-Essential for lipid digestion and absorption

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8
Q

where does cholesterol synthesis happen?

A

happens in most tissues
-High in liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries

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9
Q

where are bile salts released into to emulsify fats?

A

duodenum

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10
Q

what is cholesterol a precursor for?

A

vitamin D & steroid hormones

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11
Q

Vitamin D deficiency impairs what and what disease is associated?

how is Vit D synthesized?

A

impairs bone growth
can cause RICKETS

how is Vit D synthesized? SUN & CHOLESTEROL

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12
Q

what is the order of protein density from least to greatest for lipoproteins?

A
  • chylomicron (least protein density)
  • VLDL
  • IDL
  • LDL
  • HDL (highest protein density)
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13
Q

What is the major lipid associated with chylomicrons?

A

triglycerides

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14
Q

t/f: mature chylomicrons contain more lipids than nacent chylomicrons

A

FALSE

(nacent chylomicrons contain MORE LIPIDS)

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15
Q

**nacent chylomicrons **
synthesized by what?
Where does it deliver TG to?

A
  • Synthesized by intestinal enterocytes
    a.85% dietary TG
    b.<3% cholesterol
    c. Apoprotein B-48 (apo B-48)
  • Delivers TG to tissues, to muscle for energy, to adipose for storage, takes glycerol backbone to liver used to make new TG
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16
Q

***Chylomicron remnants:
*
1.Remaining particle after being stripped of (________)
2.Delivers dietary (___________) to (__________)
3.Suppresses (____________)synthesis of (_______________)in (______________)

A

1.Remaining particle after being stripped of TG
2.Delivers dietary cholesterol to liver
3.Suppresses de novo synthesis **of* cholesterol in liver***

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17
Q

Name the lipoprotein:
*
**Synthesis*:

1.TG and cholesterol synthesized in liver

2.High carbohydrate increases serum TG

Function:

1.delivery of Liver-derived lipids to tissues

2.High serum TG an independent risk factor for CVD

how is it converted?

A

VLDL

Conversion: VLDL into IDL and then to LDL

18
Q

name the lipoprotein:

Synthesis

1.synthesized in liver

2.½ cholesterol, ½ protein (Apo B-100)

A

LDL

19
Q

LDL regulation is decreased by?

A
  1. HMG Co A Reductase inhibitors (statins)
  2. monounsaturated fatty acids (FA) olive and canola oils
  3. weight loss
20
Q

LDL regulation is increased by:

A
  1. weight gain
  2. Saturated FA
  3. Trans FA
21
Q

1.Removes cholesterol from tissues

2.Delivers cholesterol to liver – reverse cholesterol transport

A

HDL

22
Q

what is the single biggest determinant of HDL regulation in the body?

what are the reductions in HDL & what increases in HDL?

A

genetics is the single biggest determinant of HDL regulation in the body

23
Q

what is most important in fat combustion consideration? How much fat or type of fat?

A

type of fat

24
Q

LDL binds to an LDL receptor

where is this receptor?

A

Receptor is on hepatocytes and extra hepatic tissues
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

25
Q

what is the 1st best fat for cholesterol consideration?

what is the 2nd best fat for cholesterol consideration?

what is the 1st worst fat for cholesterol consideration?
trans fats

what is the 2nd worst fat for cholesterol consideration?

A

1st best: polyUNsaturated fats
2nd best: monunosaturated fats
1st worst: trans fats
2nd worst: **saturated fats **

26
Q

what are some sources of monounsaturated fats?

A

palm oil
meat
dairy
cocoa butter
olive oil
avocado

27
Q

consumption of antioxidants will help slow the oxidation of ______

A

LDL

* ORAC is an abbreviation for Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity

28
Q

B6, Folate and B12 all function to decrease levels of _______________

A

homocysteine

29
Q

Too much( _________ )of it is related to a **higher risk of coronary heart disease, **stroke and peripheral vascular disease

(________) may promote atherosclerosis by damaging the inner lining of arteries and promoting blood clots

A

homocysteine

30
Q

the Mediterranean Diet is dominated by what type of foods?

high/low/moderate intake of unsaturated fats?
high/low/moderate intake of fish?
high/low/moderate intake of meat & dairy ?
alcohol?

A

***plant-based
*
HIGH intake of unsaturated fats (nuts & olive oil)
moderate intake of fish
LOW intake of meat & dairy
regular consmption of alcohol

31
Q

the Plant-Based Diet includes a high/low? intake of

-total fat
- cholesterol
- animal products
- salt & sugar

A

LOWWWWW

32
Q

what food is associated with higher levels of triethylamine

A

meat

33
Q

what is the active ingredient in Green Tea:

A

flavonoids

34
Q

Flavonoids are found in fruits and vegetables like:

A

nuts
cocoa
berries
tea
wine

35
Q

(______ )intake showed a 51% reduction in risk of ischemic heart disease

A

catechin

36
Q

Researchers have found that people with (__________) are almost twice as likely to have heart disease, and that risk may be even greater than for those with high cholesterol

A

peridontal disease

37
Q

Cardio-protective mechanisms of the Mediterranean diet

A
38
Q

The PREDIMED trial

A
39
Q

General recommendations for Heart Disease

A
40
Q

Summary

A

CARDIO EXAM 2 (3 decks)

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