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Biochemistry > 2.2 Transport of Substances Across CM > Flashcards

2.2 Transport of Substances Across CM Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive transport

A
  • Spontaneous movement of particles across semi-permeable membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
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2
Q

Is energy required for passive transport

A

No

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3
Q

What is concentration gradient

A

diff concentration b/w two regions
- molecules tend to travel down or along the concentration gradient

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4
Q

What are the types of passive transport

A
  • diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
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5
Q

What drives diffusion

A

Brownian movement

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6
Q

What is diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
- net diffusion continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached

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7
Q

What molecules can dissolve in the core of the phospholipid bilayer and diffuse most easily through cell membrane

A

Small non-polar, uncharged molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

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8
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion through CM with the aid of a membrane protein

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9
Q

What is a channel protein

A

made of 1 or more helixes that form open pores in membrane
- allows ions, charged molecules, polar molecules with certain size and charge to cross CM
- may be gated, only opening in response to hormones, electric charge. etc

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10
Q

What is the carrier protein

A
  • selectively binds to non-charged molecule (glucose, aa) to be transported
  • undergoes conformational change to release the molecule on the other side of CM
  • low rates of diffusion b/c can only bind to a few molecules at a time
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11
Q

What is osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

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12
Q

What are the protein channels in osmosis

A

aquaporins

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13
Q

How does water diffuse

A

slowly as it is polar

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14
Q

Hypertonic

A

high concentration of solute/low H2O concentration

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15
Q

Isotonic

A

equal solute concentration/equal water concentration
- net movement is zero

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16
Q

Hypotonic

A

low concentration of solute/high H2O concentration

17
Q

Active transport

A

movement of substances from area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
- moving against/up the concentration gradient
- energy is required in the form of ATP
- may involve the use of membrane carrier proteins

18
Q

What does atp stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

19
Q

What happens when phosphate bond is broken

A
  • atp forms into adp and inorganic phosphate
  • energy is released
  • energy can be used to power cell processes such as movement, reproduction, protein synthesis, trannport etc
20
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

ATP is used directly by carrier proteins to move substances (ions, aa, acids, vitamins…) across CM
- molecule attaches to active site of carrier protein on one side of membrane
- ATP is broken down to ADP and phosphate
- energy released causes carrier protein to change shape
- molecules is released on other side of membrane
- molecule is not changed

21
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A
  • Doesn’t use ATP to fuel transport
  • Instead, uses electrochemical gradient generated by primary active transport to fuel the transport of other molecules or ions across the CM
  • Involves a symport carrier protein which carries out co-transport
22
Q

Secondary Active Transport of Sucrose in Plants

A

plants use sat to move sucrose into the sieve tube elements
- when plants use an H+/sucrose symporter: proton are moving down their concentration gradient, while sucrose are moving up their concentration gradient

23
Q

What are Membrane Assisted or Bulk Transport used to transport

A
  • large amounts of material across CM
  • particles that are too large or too polar to pass through CM via passive transport or molecular active transport
24
Q

What does membrane assisted require

A

energy in the form of ATP

25
Q

what are the two forms of bulk transport

A

endocytosis and exocitosis

26
Q

what substances do endocytosis tranport

A

pinocytosis (liquid)
phagocytosis (solids)
receptor-assisted endocytosis (specific molecules)

27
Q

what does exocytosis transport out of cell

A

hormones, enzymes, proteins, waste, nutrients

28
Q

Which way does phagocytosis extend

A

out to “swallow” particle

29
Q

Which way does pinocytosis extend

A

in to “swallow” particle and form vesicle

30
Q

How does exocytosis occur

A

vesicle, budded from endoplasmic reticulum or golgi app, migrates to CM
- membrane of vesicle fuses with CM
- contents of vesicle released outside of cell

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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