220-1001 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 47 Optical Media: CD capacity
A
Compact discs (CDs) store 650-700 MB of data
2
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 47 Optical Media: DVD capacity
A
Digital video/versatile discs (DVDs) store from 4.37 GB to 15.9 GB
3
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 47 Optical Media: Blue-Ray capacity
A
Blue-ray Discs (BDs) store 25 GB to 50 GB
4
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 47 Optical Media: CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW
A
All optical media comes in read-only memory (ROM), write-once (R), and write-many (RW/RE) versions
5
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 47 Optical Media: CDFS
A
CD File System
6
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 47 Optical Media: CD length in minutes
A
74min / 80min
7
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 48 USB Standards: USB
A
Universial Serial Bus
8
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 48 USB Standards: USB 1.0 / 1.1 speed
A
Univeral Servia Bus (USB) 1.0 and 1.1 comes in 1.5 Mbps and 12 Mbps
9
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 48 USB Standards: USB 2.0 speed
A
USB 2.0 runs at 480 Mbps
10
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 48 USB Standards: USB 3.0, 3.1 speed
A
USB 3.0 and USB Gen 1 runs at 5 Gbps, USB 3.1 Gen 2 runs at 10 Gbps
11
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 48 USB Standards: Common USB connectors for peripherals
A
USB Type-B, Mini-B, Micro-B
12
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 48 USB Standards: Common USB connectors for computers
A
USB Type-A, Type-C
13
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 49 Understanding USB: A/B connector on upstream/downstream connector types
A
USB Type-A connectors plug into downstream USB ports; USB Type-B connectors plug into upstream USB ports on peripherals. In other words, A connectors are downstream connectors, and B connectors are upstream connectors
14
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 49 Understanding USB: USB controller function
A
All USB devices connect to USB controllers build into the motherboard of the system; the USB controller is in charge of all connected USB devices. This creates an upstream/downstream concept
15
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 49 Understanding USB: Possible structures of USB controller
A
USB external ports, connects to root hub, connects to USB controllers. USB controllers of different types can connect to single root hubs or separate root hubs
16
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 50 Configuring USB: USB devices must have a ________
A
device driver
17
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 50 Configuring USB: How to secure USB ports
A
(1) Can go to system and disable USB ports. Selectively by port or turn them all off. (2) USB lock = some kind of software to watch over your USB ports. Prevent recording or whitelist certain thumbdrive only. USB lock is absolutely god send for those who don’t want information leak out of their USB ports
18
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 50 Configuring USB: Function of HID driver
A
HID = human interface device. HID Device drivers, core device drivers that always ensure keyboard and mouse work. Base drivers to ensure core stuff work.
19
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 50 Configuring USB: What to do when seeing “!” on the device on Windows
A
Although, OSs come with thousands of built-in device drivers, in this case need to download the correct driver for a USB device from the internet
20
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 51 Thunder and Lightning: Thunderbolt and Lightning speeds
A
Thunderbolt is a general purpose I/O port that runs at 10 Gbps up to 40 Gbps. Thunderbolt 1 - 10 Gb/s (x2 channels); Thunderbolt 2 - 20 Gb/s channels; Thunderbolt 3 - 40 Gb/s channels. Lightning only runs at 5Gbps
21
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 51 Thunder and Lightning: Connector look of Thunderbolt 1, 2, 3
A
Thunderbolt uses a mini DisplayPort and look the same; Thunderbolt 3 has USB Type-C connector
22
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 52 Keyboards and Mice: P2/2 Connector color for mouse and keyboard
A
Purple for keyboard; green for mouse
23
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 52 Keyboards and Mice: Downside of PS/2 connection
A
Need to restart for it to work
24
Q
Sec11 Ch10 - 52 Keyboards and Mice: Where to find keyboards and mice in Windows?
A
Control Panel
25
Sec11 Ch10 - 52 Keyboards and Mice: What device can help when you have multiple computers?
Keyboard, video, mouse (KVM) swtiches enable multiple computers to share a single keyboard, monitor, and mouse.
26
Sec11 Ch10 - 52 Keyboards and Mice: Keyboards and mice use what type of connections?
Keyboards use either a USB or PS/2 connection; Mice almost exclusively use USB
27
Sec11 Ch10 - 53 Sight and Sound: Sound connector types
3.5mm audio jack, S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface) [it's an optical type of jack]
28
Sec11 Ch10 - 53 Sight and Sound: What are 2.1 or 5.1 systems?
Speaker systems include satellites and subwoofers. For example, 2.1 system = 2 speakers and a subwoofer
29
Sec11 Ch10 - 54 Readers and Scanners: Types of flash memory
SD Card, Mini-SD, Micro-SD, Olympus xD Picture Card (all read from flash memory reader)
30
Sec11 Ch10 - 55 Expansion Slots: Detailed steps to plug in any new cards (sound cards, network interface cards, USB expansion cards, eSATA cards, etc)
0) Look at the card, power connector, driver cd, user manual).
1) Select a connector and slot. Use screwdriver to pick a slot (worry on airflow) to take out the shield for I/O. Find the correct slot type. Check if anything this chip needs to be close to. Or if I/O is convenient.
2) Connect any power or data cables to the card
3) Secure the card in its slot with a slot-cover screw
4) Boot up and check device manager (no x or !)
5) Check if it does what it suppose to do
31
Sec11 Ch10 - 55 Expansion Slots: What to do if see blue screen of death after device installation?
If any issue, take it out. (1) Go to mfg website, and ensure driver downloaded. (2) Could be compatibility issues esp older devices
32
Sec11 Ch10 - 55 Expansion Slots: Things to make sure get right when plugging in new cards for device installation
1) Plug in right
2) Connect any power or data cables to the card - make sure those connected
3) Make sure it does what it is suppose to do
33
Sec11 Ch10 - 55 Expansion Slots: Common place for Blue Screen of Death
a new device installation
34
Sec11 Ch10 - Quiz on Essential Peripherals: Each version of USB in a computer has its own what? (USB hub, USB controller, USB peripheral, USB Type-B connector)
Each version of USB in a computer has its own USB controller which is then connected to a USB hub. USB Type-B connectors connect to a downstream peripheral (such as a printer). A USB hub is a circuit or device with one or more upstream USB ports. Each version of USB does not have its own peripheral.
35
Sec11 Ch10 - Quiz on Essential Peripherals: Which is not a step in installing a new expansion card? (Turn on the computer, Select a connector and slot, Secure the card in its slot with a slot-cover screw, Connect any power or data cables to the card)
The computer should be turned off before installing a new expansion card (and not be turned on until the installation is complete). All of the other choices are normal steps when installing a new expansion card.
36
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: 3 things to concentrate for building right PC for the job
RAM, storage, graphics needs (also sometimes sound cards)
37
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: Audio & Video Editing Workstations
Specialised Audio and Video cards, Superfast hard drives
| Graphics card, Dual monitors
38
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: Gaming PCs
most taxing on the system, top of line equipment for motherboard that can multi-core, multi-core CPU, GPU, high-end power supply, high-end cooling, sound card, large SSDs and maybe some HD for storing games
39
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: NAS Device
Headless server, box that sits on your network. No keyboard, mouse, monitor after initial setup. It focus on file sharing of traditional and media files. Need good high speed network card / Gigabit NIC. Good midrange motherboard (B360N WIFI) with built-in Gigabit NIC. Good midrange CPU (i3). Good data reliability is key so RAID array to protect data - 4 HDs
40
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: Virtualization Workstation
Max RAM and CPU cores, High-end motherboard (msi X470 Gaming Pro), One SSD (970 EVO) but add traditional drives to store the virtual machines when not using them. OS depends on type of virtualisation that you are using (Windows Pro)
41
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: Graphic/CAD/CAM/Design Workstation
Motherboard that can support multi-core processor (Asus WS X299 PRO/SE), Powerful mutli-core processor (Intel i9), high end video (GEFORCE GTX1080), Maximum RAM
42
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: Standard Thick Client
Good middle of road motherboard (B360) with onboard video, Middle of road CPU (i3), A nice SSD, Windows, Desktop applications (MS office)
43
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: Standard Thin Client
Different from Thick Client. Thin Client rarely need internal storage to do anything. Motherboard with great network connectivity (ASUS PRIME H370M-Plus at Gbps). Basic applications (usually no need for full blown office application but just the applications that this Thin Client needs). This person might just run microsoft in-house applications or a specialised application
44
Sec12 Ch11 - 56 The Right PC for the Job: Difference between Thick vs. Thin Clients
Thin Client rarely need internal storage to do anything but needs strong network connectivity. Also does not need full blown application suites but specific/specialised softare applications.
45
Sec13 Ch17 - 57 Display Technologies: A monitor is composed of individual __________
picture elements (pixels)
46
Sec13 Ch17 - 57 Display Technologies: How LCD works?
Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) monitors use liquid crystals to allow light to pass or not pass for each color in a pixel
47
Sec13 Ch17 - 57 Display Technologies: How LCD backlight works?
LCD backlights are fluorescent (CCFL - cold cathode fluorescent lamp) or LED lights and shine through the liquid crystals
48
Sec13 Ch17 - 57 Display Technologies: How OLED works?
Organic LED (OLED) doesn't use a backlight, as the pixels make their own light
49
Sec13 Ch17 - 57 Display Technologies: How DLP works?
Digital Light Processing (DLP) uses a grid of tiny mirrors that shine through a color wheel to create an image. More typical in projectors.
50
Sec13 Ch17 - 57 Display Technologies: Typical response time and brightness for panels
1ms to 4ms response time, 200-500 Nit (nt) brightness
51
Sec13 Ch17 - 58 LCD Breakdown: All LCD panels has a preset _______
resolution
52
Sec13 Ch17 - 58 LCD Breakdown:
The back panel (backlight unit) distributes the light emanating from the CCFL or LED backlights
53
Sec13 Ch17 - 58 LCD Breakdown: What type of panels need inverters?
LCDs with CCFL (CCFL screens) need inverters to convert DC power back into AC power for fluorescent lights; LEDS don't need inverters
54
Sec13 Ch17 - 58 LCD Breakdown: 5 components of montior
1. Panel; 2. Backlight unit; 3. Connectors; 4. Input from data; 5. Power connection
55
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: Major GPU manufacturers
Nvidia, AMD (ATI), and Intel make the majority of GPUs
56
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: Key components inside GPUs
All graphics cards have RAM to help resolve the screen. And also they have GPUs
57
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: Where to find GPUs
(1) Graphics card, (2) Many CPUs come with built-in GPUs
58
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: DisplayPort
DisplayPort for dedicated video output. Comes in DisplayPort and mini-DisplayPort
59
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: HDMI types and management ability
Hsoth video and sound. Comes in HDMI and mini-HDMI. HDMI has DRM.
60
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: VGA vs DVI signal
VGA uses an analog signal; DVI uses a digital signal
61
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: Types of DVI
DVI-I (digital and analog) - with a plus; DVI-D (digital only) - with a minus; Single-link DVI (two squares of 3 by 3, not including the 4 from the cross); Dual-link DVI (for high resolution monitor 8 by 3, not including the 4 from the cross)
62
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: CPU + GPU
APU (An APU includes a CPU and GPU on the same chip)
63
Sec13 Ch17 - 59 Graphics Cards and Connections: Frame buffering
Old technique of using RAM to keep track of every pixel chronologically and push to monitor
64
Sec13 Ch17 - 60 Installing a Graphics Card: Graphic cards needs to use what in the computer?
Almost all graphics cards use 16-lane PCIe slots and one or two PCIe power connectors (sometimes dual 8-pin PCIe power connectors)
65
Sec13 Ch17 - 60 Installing a Graphics Card: What needs to be defined for multiple graphics cards?
With multiple graphics cards, define the primary card in the system setup
66
Sec13 Ch17 - 60 Installing a Graphics Card: Use of riser card
Some systems provide riser cards for extra graphics cards. Example of riser card: PCIe 16-lane on one side, PCIe 1-lane on the other side
67
Sec13 Ch17 - 60 Installing a Graphics Card: What resolution to run the system?
Always run the system at your monitor's native resolution
68
Sec13 Ch17 - 61 Projectors: What technologies projectors typically use?
Projectors usually have either DLP or LCD technology
69
Sec13 Ch17 - 61 Projectors: Throw
distance from projector lens to object projector shines on
70
Sec13 Ch17 - 61 Projectors: Pincushion
Geometric adjustment needed: left and right side looks bended round (convex / concave)
71
Sec13 Ch17 - 61 Projectors: Keystone
Geometric adjustment needed: trapezoid shape (can be inverted). Esp when project from top or from bottom
72
Sec13 Ch17 - 61 Projectors: Skew
Geometric adjustment needed: parallelogram shape
73
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Overheat shutdown
Video cards get hot and shutdown. It monitors itself and does off/on itself. That may mean bad fans on video card. Other thing could mean is packing video card too tight and without ventilation around to have enough air
74
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Dead pixel
Just happens on LCD monitors. If pixel always off or always black or alway bright white - no fix for this kind of stuff
75
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Artifacts
Pieces of stuff show up on screen that shouldn't come on any more. First thing to check is video RAM itself as it does go bad. No way to test video RAM. So use a spare and test the same thing and if works, then can blame graphic card RAM. No way to fix as RAM is soldered on.
76
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Incorrect Color Patterns
See the screen but color looks weird. 1) Check connection with the connectors esp VGA cables. 2) Check video RAM
77
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: DIM image
Dim images are caused by a low brightness setting, failing CCFL, or failing inverter. 1) Check to make sure that turn brightness back up. 2) CCFL suddenly go bad. Can buy new CCFLs from Amazon and then replace it.
78
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Flickering image
Start with cables esp HDMI cables (could have been damaged as not suppose to plug in and out too many times)
79
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Distorted image
1) make sure running at native resolution of monitor (otherwise can cause fuzziness); 2) If Projectors, then it's about adjusting the geometries
80
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Burn in
Old school plasma monitors can happen. LCDs you have image persistence (rather than called burn in). Change screen to something else and it goes away quickly
81
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: What is "burn in" type effect on LCD screen?
Image persistence
82
Sec13 Ch17 - 62 Troubleshooting: Oversized images & icons (or undersized)
OS like Windows has tools to adjust display size
83
Sec13 Ch17 - Quiz on Display Technologies: Which is a monitor backlight technology? (LCD, LED, OLED, Nit)
LEDs are a monitor backlight technology. LCDs don't make their own light (thus the need for a backlight). OLEDs make their own light (they don't need a backlight). Nit is a unit used to measure monitor brightness.
84
Sec14 Ch18 - 63 Introduction to Networking: LAN computers connect with ________
LAN computers connect with Ethernet
85
Sec14 Ch18 - 63 Introduction to Networking: Ethernet frames standardized as _______ chunks
Ethernet frames standardized as 1500 bytes
86
Sec14 Ch18 - 63 Introduction to Networking: _______ uniquetly identifies a host on a LAN
A MAC address uniquely identifies a host on a LAN
87
Sec14 Ch18 - 63 Introduction to Networking: Commands for viewing MAC on Windows and Linux
Use ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig (Linux) to view MAC
88
Sec14 Ch18 - 63 Introduction to Networking: Components of data and MAC
Destination Mac Address | Source Mac Address | Data | FCS (frame check sequence)
89
Sec14 Ch18 - 63 Introduction to Networking: MAC address format
12 hexadecimal characters (48 bits); first 6 hexadecimal characters are OEM ID
90
Sec14 Ch18 - 64 Hubs vs Switches: Hubs vs Switches
Hubs repeat all traffic on the LAN to all nodes. Switches filter traffic based on MAC address (smart repeater). Switches provide full bandwidth for all nodes
91
Sec14 Ch18 - 65 Hexadecimal: How many combinations does 4 bit has?
4bit has 16 combinations (0000, 0001, .... 1110, 1111)
92
Sec14 Ch18 - 65 Hexadecimal: Each hex character represents
Each hex character represent 4 binary numbers (0000-1111)
| In hex, numbering goes from 0-9, a-f, for 0-15
93
Sec14 Ch18 - 65 Hexadecimal: Why hexadecimal?
Hexadecimal (base 16) enables discussion of long strings of 1s and 0s. It replace 4-bit information with a single character.
94
Sec14 Ch18 - 65 Hexadecimal: How to represent 11011101?
11011101 = DDh (FYI, In hex, numbering goes from 0-9, a-f, for 0-15). 0h, 1h, 2h, ... 9h, Ah, Bh, .. Fh
95
Sec14 Ch18 - 66 WANs and Routers: IP formats
First 3 sets of numbers have to be the same for all devices within same LAN; last set of number has to be different per device
96
Sec14 Ch18 - 66 WANs and Routers: Default gateway
If device within LAN needs to talk to outside, it must go through a router, also known as default gateway.
97
Sec14 Ch18 - 66 WANs and Routers: Switches vs Routers
Switches connect (up to 1024) computers in a LAN; Routers connect multiple LANs together in a WAN
98
Sec14 Ch18 - 66 WANs and Routers: How routers determine traffic?
Routers use logical addressing (IP addressing) to determine local vs. remote traffic
99
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: What is DOCSIS for?
used for cable modems
100
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: 10BaseT
10BaseT (10 Mbps baseband twisted pair); 1000BaseT; 10GB base T (10 Gbps)
101
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: Coaxial cable ratings and connector type?
Coaxial cables use RG ratings and F-type connectors. For RG ratings, 3 on exam: RG-58 (old - for networking), RG-59, RG-6
102
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: RG-R8 uses what type of connectors?
RG-58 use BNC connector (used for networking)
103
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: UTP
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Most common has 4 twisted pairs. Twisted pair propagate signals better. Most networks use twisted pair cabling. And most can run 100m from switch to computers
104
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: Common connectors
RJ-11 (4 contacts - for phone) / RJ-45 (8 contacts)
105
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: Fiber optics
Fiber optic cables use light, rather than electrical pulses
106
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: Single mode vs multimode fiber
Multimode fiber cables use LEDs to generate light pulses. The other answers are incorrect. Single mode fiber cables uses lasers (often for long distance)
107
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: Ratings for twisted pair cabling
Twisted pair cabling have different category (Cat) ratings
108
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: Cat 5 / 5e / 6 / 6a network speed
CAT 5 - 100 Mbps networks; CAT 5e - 1 Gbps; CAT 6 - 1 Gbps up to 100m / 5 Gbps up to 55m; CAT 6a - 10 Gbps at 100m segments
109
Sec14 Ch18 - 67 Cables and Connectors: Plenum ratings
Based on ability to resist file. 3 ratings: PVC (non-plenum) [don't put on ceilings or floors], riser rated, plenum rated
110
Sec14 Ch18 - 68 Crimping Cables: Crimping tool usage
Use a crimping tool to attach UTP cable to crimp (like RJ-45)
111
Sec14 Ch18 - 68 Crimping Cables: Termination standards
Two standards: T568A and T568B. Just need to swap orange and the green wires
112
Sec14 Ch18 - 68 Crimping Cables: Straight-through cable vs. crossover cable
Straight-through cable has same standard on each end; Crossover cable has different standards on each end. Plug two computers together, and they can probably talk to each other.
113
Sec14 Ch18 - 68 Crimping Cables: Crimping orientation
RJ-45 facing me. From right to left: 1,2,3,..,8
114
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: Horizontal runs
Horizontal runs from wall outlet to patch panel through walls / ceilings
115
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: Punchdown tool
Use punchdown tool to connect cable to patch panel. Use longer side on the outside.
116
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: Length of longest run
Longest runs can only be 90m in order to compensate for the patch cable that goes from switch to patch panel (ie. can have 10m of patch cable)
117
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: What equipment to find cable
Use tone generator / tone probe to locate cables. A tone probe and tone generator, also called a Fox and Hound, can easily identify a specific cable within a bundle. Fox (tone generator) and hound (tone probe) - Fox makes the noise, hound finds the noise.
118
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: TDR
Use TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer) for testing runs. TDR uses speed of light to determine how long the cable
119
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: MDF
Structured cabling usually start in a room with Main Distribution Frame (MDF). 15 inch equipment rack. "u" standard height. It has patch panel, switches, and computing services device
120
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: What use stranded?
For patch cable use stranded, more flexible and won't break it
121
Sec14 Ch18 - 69 Structured Cabling: Soid core
a different type of UTP, carries electricity very well
122
Sec14 Ch18 - Quiz on the Essentials of Networking: How does a switch know the MAC addresses of connected devices?
Switches watch all inbound frames and learn MAC addresses from them. Switches definitely need to know MAC addresses, which they learn automatically without needing to query hosts or be manually programmed.
123
Sec14 Ch18 - Quiz on the Essentials of Networking: Which is not a network cable type?
Plenum describes any type of cable with a fire-resistant jacket. Coax, unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) are all types of network cable.
124
Sec14 Ch18 - Quiz on the Essentials of Networking: Solid-core cabling is best used where?
Solid-core cable is used in walls and horizontal runs because it is good for long runs and is not exposed to frequent bending. It is not used in environments where frequent bending occurs such as in patch panels, workspaces, or anywhere that it will be flexed regularly by people handling, stepping on, or tripping over it.
125
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: ARPANET
ARPANET formed (basis for Internet); TCP/IP adopted as protocol for ARPANET/the Internet
126
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: What do you need to give to computer for connecting to internet?
1) Give it an IP address; 2) Give it a subnet mask, 3) Give it a default gateway. Subnet mask gives the computer an idea whether it is a local call or long distance call
127
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: Meaning of 0 and 255 for subnet mask
255 means the same, 0 means different. 255.255.255.0 means the same network should have same first 3 octet
128
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: IP address format
IP addresses have four octets between 0-255
129
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: Network ID format
"xxx.xxx.xxx.0" is the format. This signifies that it is not about individual computer but the network ID. Cannot put ending "0" in IP address as it identifies the entire LAN
130
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: Structure of data with IP address
Destination MAC | Source MAC | Destination IP | Source IP | Data | FCS
131
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: Class A / B / C
Class C - can only do things on the last set of numbers; Class B - last two sets are free; Class A - only first set is locked... eg. 210.11.12.x - Class C (254 hosts); eg. 172.16.x.x - Class B (65,534 hosts); eg. 6.x.x.x - Class A (millions of hosts)
132
Sec15 Ch19 - 70 Introduction to TCP/IP: What does IP addres provide?
1) identify which LAN you are a part of; 2) Give you a unique host ID
133
Sec15 Ch19 - 71 Network ID and Subnet Masks: How to set static IP address in Windows?
Static IP address is done via manual settings. 1) Use Network and Sharing Center for setting up network information. Go to "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) --> Properties"; 2) Set IP address, subnet mask, default gateway properties (eg. 11.12.13.66, 255.255.255.0, 11.12.13.1)
134
Sec15 Ch19 - 72 Special IP Addresses: Class D and E
Class D: 224.X.X.X (Class D-multicast address - video presentation live and everyone can get 224.X.X.X address and erase when finish presentation); Class E: 240.X.X.X (Reserved address)
135
Sec15 Ch19 - 72 Special IP Addresses: Class A / B / C address range
Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0; Class B: 128.X.0.0 to 191.X.0.0; Class C: 192.X.X.0 to 223.X.X.0
136
Sec15 Ch19 - 72 Special IP Addresses: Private IP address types for private network
Class A: 10.X.X.X; Class B: 172.16.X.X to 172.31.X.X; Class C: 192.168.X.X
137
Sec15 Ch19 - 72 Special IP Addresses: How to test your own system network
Loopback IP Address: 127.0.0.1 with ping 127.0.0.1
138
Sec15 Ch19 - 72 Special IP Addresses: What to do if suspect internet not working?
1) Find your router / default gateway [Windows: ipconfig; MacOS: netstat -nr | grep default]; 2) ping it
139
Sec15 Ch19 - 73 NAT: Function of NAT
Network address translation (NAT) saves IP addresses. With NAT, internal networks use private IP addresses and share a public address. All gateway routers are NAT-enabled by default
140
Sec15 Ch19 - 73 NAT: Adv and disadv of NATS
Upside: don't need to give public IP address to each end-user. Downsides of NAT: 1) slow things down a little bit; 2) anything inside the LAN is invisible to the internet. So can't put things like web servers in there.
141
Sec15 Ch19 - 73 NAT: Gateway router connections
Gateway routers only has two connections: 1) one to internal connections (RJ-45 that goes to the switch); 2) out to internet service connectors (F-connector). Also all gateway routers are NAT-enabled by default
142
Sec15 Ch19 - 74 Dynamic IP Addressing: DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically assigns IP information to hosts. Gateway routers commonly are DHCP servers for their internal LAN
143
Sec15 Ch19 - 74 Dynamic IP Addressing: AIPIPA
If a DHCP client can't find the DHCP server, it will use an APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) address
144
Sec15 Ch19 - 74 Dynamic IP Addressing: How to know if DHCP problem?
If see autoconfiguration IPv4 Address being 169.254.x.x, then know DHCP problem. Maybe DHCP server is down, maybe someone unplug you
145
Sec15 Ch19 - 74 Dynamic IP Addressing: What is the format of APIPA address?
APIPA always give an 169.254.x.x address (Class B)
146
Sec15 Ch19 - 74 Dynamic IP Addressing: How to force new connection to DHCP server?
Use the ipconfig /renew command to force a new connection to the DHCP server. Also note: ipconfig /release - disconnect to DHCP server. Can also use network troubleshooting tool
147
Sec15 Ch19 - 75 IPv6: Number of bits for IPv6
IPv6 addresses use a 128-bit addressing scheme
148
Sec15 Ch19 - 75 IPv6: IPv4 vs IPv6
IPv4 - one address and a subnet mask. This makes subnet mask to be very important. IPv6 - prefix length fixed at /64. First half is what your prefix is.
149
Sec15 Ch19 - 75 IPv6: Are the two types of addresses for IPv6
Link-local addresses are used for local connections; Global unicast addresses (internet address) are used to connect to the internet. Link-local address format looks like fe80:0000:0000:0000:[2nd half genereated by system itself]. Example: fe80::aede:48ff:fe00:1122
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Purpose of port numbers vs IP addresses
IP addresses get dat to the correct computer, port numbers get data to the correct application
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 110
110 - POP3
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 137-139
137-139 - NETBIOS/NETBT
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 143
143 - IMAP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 161/162
161/162 - SNMP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 21
21 - FTP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 22
22 - SSH
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 23
23 - TELNET
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 25
25 - SMTP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 3390
3390 - RDP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 389
389 - LDAP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 427
427 - SLP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 443
443 - HTTPS
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 445
445 - SMB/CIFS
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 53
53 - DNS
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 548
548 - AFP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 67/68
67/68 - DHCP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Port 80
80 - HTTP
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: What are the 3 types of ports?
(1) 0-1023 well-known ports (web, secure web, etc) - these ports cannot be used; (2) 1024-49151 registered ports (well known and registered port with elders in the internet like when play "Steam" game. Probably don't want to use those port numbers either; (3) 49152-65535 Dynamic/Ephemeral ports - spun up by your system
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: What shows connection info on a system?
Resource Monitor in windows shows TCP connection info on a system that includes IPs and Port numbers
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: Data packet structure that includes port number
Mac Dst | Mac Source | IP Dst | IP Source | Port Dst | Port From | Data | FCS
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Sec15 Ch19 - 76 Port Numbers: DNS
Domain Name System is basically like a speed dialer that gives IP address when provide the website name
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Sec15 Ch19 - 77 TCP, UDP, and ICMP: TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is connection-oriented and sends multiple packets; need handshake
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Sec15 Ch19 - 77 TCP, UDP, and ICMP: UDP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is connectionless, but also sends multiple packets; no handshake
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Sec15 Ch19 - 77 TCP, UDP, and ICMP: ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is connectionless and always sends a single packet; eg. ping command
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Sec15 Ch19 - 77 TCP, UDP, and ICMP: PDUs
We organise packets by protocol data units (PDUs)
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Sec15 Ch19 - 77 TCP, UDP, and ICMP: 3 types of PDUs
(1) Ethernet frame: "Mac Dst | Mac Source | IP Dst | IP Source | Port Dst | Port From | Data | FCS"; (2) IP packet: "IP Dst | IP Source | Port Dst | Port From | Data"; (3) TCP packet or UDP datagram: "Port Dst | Port From | Data"
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Sec15 Ch19 - 77 TCP, UDP, and ICMP: Protocol and TCP/IP
Protocol is a set of rules that allow different things to work together (eg. IP Protocol); TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) - two different protocols working together to get the data you need
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Sec15 Ch19 - 78 Understanding DNS: DNS
Domain Name System (DNS) resolves fully-qualified domain names (FQDN) to IP addresses; DNS replaced hosts files
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Sec15 Ch19 - 78 Understanding DNS: How does DNS work?
DNS uses a hierarchical organisation to resolve FQDNs to IP addresses
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Sec15 Ch19 - 78 Understanding DNS: What is the hierarchcical organisation of FQDNs to IP addresses?
Root servers --> first level domains (eg. .com, .edu, .gov) --> second level domains (eg. google.com)
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Sec15 Ch19 - 78 Understanding DNS: All Internet-connected hosts have ____________
All Internet-connected hosts have a DNS server
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Sec15 Ch19 - 79 Working with DNS: How to see system's DNS server?
Use ipconfig /all to see a system's DNS servers
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Sec15 Ch19 - 79 Working with DNS: DNS and DHCP
DNS is provided by your DHCP server. You can statically configure DNS and still use DHCP for IP addressing.
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Sec15 Ch19 - 79 Working with DNS: What to prevent issue with DNS server down?
Have an alternative public DNS server in case our DNS server is down. eg. 8.8.8.8 or 8.8.4.4
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Sec15 Ch19 - 79 Working with DNS: How to troubleshoot DNS server running or not?
Use nslookup to verify a DNS server is running. More specifically, change using "server [dns_ip]" and type the address. If taking too long, then DNS server is problematic
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Sec15 Ch19 - 80 Windows Naming: Windows naming is designed for _______
Windows naming is designed for LANs
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Sec15 Ch19 - 80 Windows Naming: When you install Windows, you give the computer a ________
When you install Windows, you give the computer a Windows name
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Sec15 Ch19 - 80 Windows Naming: All Windows systems will be a member of ___________
All Windows systems will be a member of a domain or a workgroup
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Sec15 Ch19 - 80 Windows Naming: Homegroups
Homegroups are a more secure and automated organization, but still a workgroup. Windows 10 dumps it
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Sec15 Ch19 - 80 Windows Naming: Workgroup vs Domain
Workgroup - no security, no administration; AD Domain - substantial central administration, highly secure and powerful, Windows server system, expensive
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Sec15 Ch19 - 81 Routers: Router
Router filter and forward traffic based on IP addresses. It has built-in network interface controllers (nic), and is used for connecting local area networks (LANs).
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Sec15 Ch19 - 81 Routers: Console port
Console port is a serial port that can connect to computer (with a DB-9 connector and RJ-45 connector) for initial configuration.
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Sec15 Ch19 - 81 Routers: Routing table
A routing table determines where to filter or forward IP packets. Every routing table has a default gateway that sends all data unless otherwise specified
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Sec15 Ch19 - 81 Routers: Yost / Rollover cable
A cable that has DB-9 (5pins 1st row, 4pins 2nd row) on one-end and RJ-45 on another end that connects the console (serial) port of router with the computer. This cable is almost always blue.
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Sec15 Ch19 - 81 Routers: SOHO router
A SOHO (Small Office / Home Office) router is usually far more than a router. It can also include switch of multiple ports and WAP (wireless access point)
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Sec15 Ch19 - 81 Routers: Router ports
Ethernet (for internal LAN), DOCSIS cable node, console (serial) port
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Sec15 Ch19 - 81 Routers: Troubleshoot router DHCP
If IPv4 address shows 192.254.x.x, we know this router is not passing DHCP. Then, needs to go to user's manual and find out default IP address, then statically set the ip address that matches that range. If 192.168.0.1 is the default ip address of the router, then I will set 192.168.0.x of anything except x=1. Then should be able to connect.
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Sec15 Ch19 - 82 Basic Router Configuration: Initial router configuration
Configure both the WAN and LAN connections on your router. Avoid default settings for basic configurations (IP, SSID, password, etc). Don't create too large of an DHCP pool. Don't turn on remote management. Leave DNS blank as typicall just use ISP's DNS server.
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Sec15 Ch19 - 82 Basic Router Configuration: DHCP reservations
DHCP reservations set aside IP addresses in the DHCP pool. But it is actually not necessary in most cases. For exampe, can just use the single digits for setting static IP for file server or camera configured that don't want IP to change. Then, use the DHCP range to set 10 or above to automatically assign dynamic IPs for other computing devices.
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Sec15 Ch19 - 83 Advanced Router Configuration: QoS
Quality of Service (QoS) gives control on network bandwidth by many different criteria such as meter bandwidth priority based on certain IP addresses, Mac addresses, port numbers
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Sec15 Ch19 - 83 Advanced Router Configuration: LLDP and uPNP
Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP - Windows) and Universal Plug and Play (uPNP) help with network device identification
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Sec15 Ch19 - 83 Advanced Router Configuration: SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) goes beyond network device identification and enables querying of network devices
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Sec15 Ch19 - VLANs: VLANs
VLANs (virtual local area network) enable network segmentation without adding hardware. VLANs can take one physical switch and electronically turns it into two or more switches, turning one LAN into multiple ones without needing to buy additional physical switches.
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Sec15 Ch19 - VLANs: Managed Switch
Switches do not use IP addresses but use Mac addresses. So the switch that needs an IP address from DHCP server is also known as a managed switch
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Sec15 Ch19 - VLANs: Configure VLAN
Configure VLAN-capable switches via IP address and Web browser. Use firmware interface for managing VLANs such that certain ports belong to certain VLANs. Firmware interface also enable features such as port security
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Sec15 Ch19 - VLANs: Port Security
Whatever plugs into your port, you memorise the MAC address. And if other non authorise device plug in, just turn the port off or send info on unauthorised mac address entered
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Sec15 Ch19 - Network Troubleshooting: Connectivity, network, resource problems
Connectivity problems caused by physical or software faults. External interference can create network problems. Lack of or slow access to resources points to problems as well
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Sec15 Ch19 - Network Troubleshooting: No connectivity
You cannot get to whatever resource that you want to get to. First, check if you are physically connected. Patch cable plug to back of your computer. Do you have good link light. If all good, second thing to check is IP addressing. If you are a DHCP client should be a non-issue. However, if there is device with static IP, that there could possibly be IP conflict. Also ping your cable and see your system.
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Sec15 Ch19 - Network Troubleshooting: Limited connectivity
DHCP screamer. Run ipconfig and check IPv4 address and if see 169.254.x.x address, then problem with DHCP server. Let say your normal IP is 192.168.4.x, then one day you get on and see 192.168.7.x . Scary error. Somebody else has plugged a DHCP server into the LAN and passing out bad information. Then, you must trace and find that box which can be a real challenge.
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Sec15 Ch19 - Network Troubleshooting: Rogue DHCP server
Let say your normal IP is 192.168.4.x, then one day you get on and see 192.168.7.x . Scary error. Somebody else has plugged a DHCP server into the LAN and passing out bad information. Then, you must trace and find that box which can be a real challenge.
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Sec15 Ch19 - Network Troubleshooting: Intermittent connectivity
Rare in a wired network. There is some problem with actual cabling. eg. putting cable next to an elevator or particular motor that runs on certain time (interference problems).
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Sec15 Ch19 - Network Troubleshooting: Unavailable resources
There are resources that I can normally get to and now that I can't get to. I used to be able to get that folder all the time and now I can't. Then ping the system and see if you can. If not that you may have problem for the shared resource itself. Possible that NTFS / network shared permission to unplug you from the shared resource.
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Sec15 Ch19 - Network Troubleshooting: Slow transfer speeds
Can show up in wired network. Most times need to fire up a task manager, and take a look at how hard your network card is spiking up. If spiking up, and go to the processes that eat up the network bandwidth and take it out. This is also instance where QoS settings can be really handy. Set your router or switch to give higher priority for the QoS that's important.
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Sec15 Ch19 - Quiz on Local Area Networking: What does 255 mean in a subnet mask?
Every octet masked with 255 is part of the network address.
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Sec15 Ch19 - Quiz on Local Area Networking: Which is usually true of NAT routers in terms of the IP addresses?
Normally, NAT routers have a public IP address on their WAN interface and a private IP address on their LAN interface.
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Sec15 Ch19 - Quiz on Local Area Networking: How many bits are in an IPv6 address?
128
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Sec15 Ch19 - Quiz on Local Area Networking: How many bits are in an IPv4 address?
32
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Sec15 Ch19 - Quiz on Local Area Networking: What is the maximum number of characters in an FQDN? Including dots or not?
255 (including dots)
