Chapter 7

Question 1

Using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs

Answer 1

rationality

Question 2

A society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; tribal, peasant, and feudal societies

Answer 2

traditional society

Question 3

One key aspect of traditional relationships: ____ relationships are at the heart of this kind of society.

Answer 3

Personal

Question 4

Second key aspect of traditional societies: That the ___ is the guide for how to live life today.

Answer 4

past

Question 5

Tradition is replaced by ___ in the shift from traditional societies to industrial societies meaning it must move from relationships toward the bottom line as the primary concern.

Answer 5

rationality

Question 6

A widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea.

Answer 6

rationalization of society.

Question 7

An economic system characterized by the private owner-ship of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition.

Answer 7

capitalism

Question 8

Who claimed that capitalism broke tradition?

Answer 8

Karl Marx

Question 9

Who claimed that religion broke tradition?

Answer 9

Max Weber.

Question 10

Who believed that Protestantism produced rationality?

Answer 10

Weber

Question 11

Who believed that capitalism produced rationality?

Answer 11

Marx

Question 12

A secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives.

Answer 12

Formal organization

Question 13

Formal organizations are found __ in traditional societies.

Answer 13

rarely

Question 14

__ are an example of an exception in traditional societies which do not usually have formal organization.

Answer 14

Guilds

Question 15

One of the main characteristics of formal organizations is that they develop into ___.

Answer 15

bureaucracies.

Question 16

Formal organizations are the ____ feature of our life today.

Answer 16

central

Question 17

A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records.

Answer 17

bureaucracy

Question 18

The process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food prep.

Answer 18

McDonaldization of society

Question 19

An organization replacing old goals with new ones; also known as goal replacement.

Answer 19

goal displacement

Question 20

The March of Dimes is an example of

Answer 20

Goal displacement and the perpetuation of bureaucracies

Question 21

The American Express card replacement story is an example of

Answer 21

Dysfunction of bureaucracies

Question 22

Marx’s term for workers’ lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product - this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something.

Answer 22

Alienation

Question 23

A tongue in-cheek observation that the members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work.

Answer 23

Peter Principle

Question 24

Groups, considered bureaucracies, made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as voluntary memberships and voluntary organizations.

Answer 24

Voluntary associations

Question 25

Robert Michel’s term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self perpetuating elite

Answer 25

iron law of oligarchy

Question 26

Organizing a workplace in such a way that it develops rather than impedes human potential.

Answer 26

humanizing the work setting

Question 27

The values, norms, and other orientation that characterize corporate work settings.

Answer 27

Corporate culture

Question 28

What are two ways that corporations have tried to humanize the work setting?

Answer 28

Worker empowerment and child care

Question 29

Small groups of workers who set goals and develop solutions to reach them

Answer 29

Work teams

Question 30

Preconceived ideas of what someone is like that leads to the person’s behaving in ways that match the stereotype

Answer 30

Self-fulfilling stereotype

Question 31

Stereotypes of the traits that make for high-performing and underperforming workers

Answer 31

Hidden corporate culture