Eye Exam

Question 1

Define Hyperopia

Answer 1

Farsightedness. Difficulty seeing near objects.

Question 2

Define Myopia

Answer 2

Nearsightedness. Difficulty seeing distant objects.

Question 3

Define Presbyopia

Answer 3

Aging vision. Progressive difficulty seeing near objects.

Question 4

Define Diplopia

Answer 4

Double vision

Question 5

Define heterophoria, esophoria, and exophoria.

Answer 5

Heterophoria - failure of visual axes to remain parallel
Esophoria - one eye deviates inward
Exophoria - one eye deviates outward

Question 6

What are the components of the occular exam (8)?

Answer 6

Visual acuity, colorblindness, visual field testing, external examination, conjunctiva/sclera, cornea/lens/pupil, EOM, and fundoscopic exam

Question 7

How do you evaluate and document visual acuity?

Answer 7

First evaluate each eye separately and then together. Also, with and without glasses.

Oculus Dexter = Right eye
Oculus Sinister = Left eye
Oculus uterque = both eyes

Question 8

How is color blindness evaluated?

Answer 8

With the ishihara color blindness test.

Question 9

How is visual field assessed and what is the assumption with this test?

Answer 9

It is tested by confrontation. This test assumes the physician has a normal visual field.

Question 10

What does the external examination include?

Answer 10

Position and alignment of the eyes. Character of eyebrows and eyelids.

Question 11

Define entropion and extropion.

Answer 11

Entropion - eyelid turned inwards

Extropion - eyelid turned outwards

Question 12

What do a yellow and blue sclera indicate, respectively?

Answer 12

Jaundice and osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 13

Pinguecula

Answer 13

Small nodule on the bulbar conjunctiva which does not cross the cornea.

Question 14

Pterygium

Answer 14

Thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva which grows across the cornea

Question 15

Sty

Answer 15

infection at the margin of the eye

Question 16

Chalazion

Answer 16

painless nodule involving the meibomian glands.

Question 17

Xanthelasma

Answer 17

Flat, yellow placques found around the eyes. Indicative of hyperlipidemia.

Question 18

Conjunctivitis

Answer 18

Infection or inflammation of the eye presenting with discomfort and discharge

Question 19

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Answer 19

Leakage of blood under the conjunctiva. Painless and sharply demarcated, usually resolves on its own.

Question 20

Ciliary injection

Answer 20

Inflammation radiating from around the limbus. Extremely painful and indicative of an emergency. Vision will be effected.

Question 21

Hyphema

Answer 21

Blood in the anterior chamber due to trauma. This is not an emergency, but does require monitoring.

Question 22

How will papilledema present upon fundoscopic exam and what is the cause?

Answer 22

Optic disc is swollen with blurred margins. No physiologic cup is visible. Caused by increased intracranial pressure causing compression of the central retinal vein.

Question 23

What fundoscopic findings should be noted in a patient with glaucoma?

Answer 23

Glaucomatous cupping - Increased intraocular pressure causes enlargment of the optic cup. Cup to disc ratio becomes larger than 1:2.

Question 24

What two hypertensive changes can be seen upon fundoscopic exam?

Answer 24

Focal/generalized narrowing of light reflex - thickened arterial wall causes a diminished light reflex
A-V nicking - Arterial walls become thickened causing a loss of transparency and veins to appear to taper around the arteries.