2.2.1-2.2.3 Vocabulary

Question 0

Glucose tolerance test

Answer 0

a test of the body’s ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration if a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especially to detect diabetes.

Question 1

Glucagon

Answer 1

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.

Question 3

hormone

Answer 3

a product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory, effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone.

Question 4

Insulin

Answer 4

a protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

Question 5

negative feedback

Answer 5

a primary mechanism of homeostasis whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

Question 6

positive feedback

Answer 6

feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Question 7

type 1 diabetes

Answer 7

diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Question 8

type 2 diabetes

Answer 8

diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Question 9

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)

Answer 9

a compound composed of adenosine and 3 phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hyrdrolysis.

Question 10

Amino Acids

Answer 10

and organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins

Question 11

calorie

Answer 11

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degrees celsius

Question 12

carbohydrate

Answer 12

a sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide

Question 13

chemical bond

Answer 13

an attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compund

Question 14

chemical indicator

Answer 14

a substance used to show visually usually by it’s capacity for color change, the condition of a solution with respect to the presence of free acid or alkali or some other substance

Question 15

chemical reaction

Answer 15

chemical transformation or change; the interaction of chemical entities

Question 16

compound

Answer 16

a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

Question 17

covalent bond

Answer 17

a type of strong chemical bond in which 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

Question 18

dehydration synthesis

Answer 18

a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules are bounded together with the removal of a water molecule

Question 19

dissacharide

Answer 19

a double sugar molecule made of 2 monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis

Question 20

element

Answer 20

the smallest particle of a substance remains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms

Question 21

glucose

Answer 21

a monomer of carbohydrate simple sugar

Question 22

hydrolysis

Answer 22

a chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water

Question 23

ionic bond

Answer 23

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 24

lipid

Answer 24

one of a family compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water

Question 25

macromolecule

Answer 25

a type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 26

molecule

Answer 26

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Question 27

monomer

Answer 27

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Question 28

monosaccharide

Answer 28

a singular sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar

Question 29

nutrient

Answer 29

a substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health

Question 30

polymer

Answer 30

a large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units or molecules linked together

Question 31

polysaccharide

Answer 31

a polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 32

protein

Answer 32

a three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids

Question 33

hemoglobin A1c

Answer 33

a test that measures the level of hemoglobin A1c in the blood as it means of determining the average blood sugar concentrations for the preceding two to three months

Question 34

hyperglycemia

Answer 34

an excess of sugar in the blood

Question 35

hypertonic

Answer 35

in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration

Question 36

isotonic

Answer 36

having the same solute concentration as another solution

Question 37

osmosis

Answer 37

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 38

solute

Answer 38

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

Question 39

solution

Answer 39

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Question 40

solvent

Answer 40

the dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known