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Biology > Exam 4 Ch 16-21 DNA > Flashcards

Exam 4 Ch 16-21 DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Erwin Chargaff Contribution

A

1) Base composition of DNA varies btw species 2) Number of A and T are equal to number of G and C’s

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2
Q

Maurice Wilkins

A

Studies molecular structure using X-ray Crystallography

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3
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Produced picture of DNA molecule using X-Rays and Chem of DNA

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4
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Built models of double helix to conform to X-Rays and Chem of DNA

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5
Q

Three Component parts of nucleotide

A

Five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

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6
Q

Base Pairing Rules for DNA

A

Adenine bonds with Thymine/Cytosine bonds with Guanine

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7
Q

Relationship btw DNA, Chromosomes, genes, and proteins?

A

DNA creates chromosomes, which make genes, which are all made out of proteins.

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8
Q

5 and 3 as they relate to orientation of of the two strands of the double helix is called what?

A

Antiparallel

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9
Q

What type of replication process does DNA use?

A

Semi-conservative

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10
Q

Why does DNA need to be replicated?

A

Hereditary information is encoded and reproduced in all the cells of your body.

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11
Q

Identify the enzymes involved in DNA Replication-what do they do?

A

Helicases- untwist double helix; Topoisomerase- relieve strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

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12
Q

Primer

A

RNA Chain

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13
Q

Primase

A

synthesize RNA chain-add RNA nucleotides one at a time

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14
Q

Mutations

A

Occur when there is a change of a single nucleotide in the DNA’s template strand

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15
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of RNA using info in the DNA-simply “rewritten” information from DNA to RNA (antiparallel)

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16
Q

Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus separate compartment

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17
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

Carries genetic message from DNA to protein (produced by transcription)

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18
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

pries two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides (uracil instead of thymine)

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19
Q

Translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide using mRNA info (change in language takes place and amino acids are chained together)

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20
Q

What is the site of translation?

A

Ribosomes (link amino acids into polypeptide chains)

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21
Q

Codons

A

mRNA nucleotide triplets (read in 5—>3 direction)

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22
Q

Anticodons

A

one end of tRNA which base pairs with codon on mRNA

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23
Q

tRNA role in translation

A

translates mRNA codon into a protein/amino acid

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24
Q

Central Dogma Chain

A

DNA-RNA-Protein

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25
Q

What is the first stage of Gene expression?

A

Transcription

26
Q

Three stages of Transcription?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

27
Q

RNA sugar?

A

Ribose

28
Q

DNA sugar?

A

Deoxyribose

29
Q

tRNA structure and function (2)

A

1)each carry a specific amino acid 2) each has an anticodon on the other end

30
Q

Mutations

A

changes in genetic material of cell or virus

31
Q

Why are mutations important?

A

The change of one nucleotide in DNA can lead to production of abnormal protein

32
Q

Point Mutations

A

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

33
Q

Frameshift Mutations

A

Insertion/deletion of nucleotides can alter reading frame

34
Q

Gene expression

A

process by which DNA directs protein synthesis (transcription and translation)

35
Q

Activator

A

(positive gene regulation) accelerates transcription

36
Q

Differential Gene Expression

A

expression of different genes by cells with same genome

37
Q

Which is larger? Ribose or Deoxyribose?

A

Deoxyribose

38
Q

Which bonds form the DNA ladder?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

39
Q

Adenine pairs with?

A

Thymine

40
Q

Guanine pairs with?

A

Cytosine

41
Q

What is replaced in mRNA polymerase?

A

Thymine with Urasil

42
Q

Epidemic

A

Illness of a large group (evola virus)

43
Q

Pandemic

A

Illness breakout worldwide

44
Q

Prion

A

slow-acting, infectious proteins-cause brain diseases in mammals

45
Q

Bacteriophages (phages)

A

viruses that infect bacteria

46
Q

Genomics

A

study of genomes and their evolution

47
Q

Viroids

A

small, circular RNA molecules-infect plants, disrupt growth

48
Q

Virus

A

small infectious particle consists of nucleic acid enclosed in protein coat (NOT CELLS)

49
Q

Capsid

A

protein shell that encloses viral genome

50
Q

Retrovirus

A

use reverse transcriptase to copy RNA genome into DNA

51
Q

Transformation

A

change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA cell

52
Q

Somatic Cell

A

any cell in multicellular organism except sperm or egg

53
Q

Ribosome

A

subunit assembled in nucleolus (site of protein synthesis)

54
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

technique for amplifying DNA in vitro-incubating it with specific primers/nucleotides

55
Q

Chromosome

A

cellular structure carrying genetic material

56
Q

Allele

A

any alternate versions of a gene that may produce phenotype effects

57
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocks of twisted DNA ladder

58
Q

Major Genetic Discoveries

A

Diagnosis/treatment, DNA Identification, Pharmaceutical Products

59
Q

Role of Restriction Enzymes

A

cut DNA molecules down to specific sequences

60
Q

Transgenic

A

animals-pharmaceutical factories of large amts of rare substances for med use

61
Q

Creating a Transgenic Organism

A

introduce genes from one species into genome of another animal

62
Q

Hazards/Benefits DNA Technology

A

Concern is genetically modified animals used as food, creation of super weed, could cause allergic reactions

Biology (10 decks)

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