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Pathophysiology > Pathophys ch22_23b Neuro > Flashcards

Pathophys ch22_23b Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

_________ are giant cells which receive information through dendrites and send it through axons and are the basic unit of the brain

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2
Q

glial cells

A

There are 5 different kinds of _________ _________ that support neurons

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2
Q

Name the 5 types of glial cells.

A 
Astrocytes (CNS)
Microglia (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
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3
Q

astrocytes

A

the largest and most common of the glial cells are __________

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4
Q

astrocytes

A

_________ provide the chemicals to form the blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

astrocytes

A

__________ provide structural framework

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6
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cells that repair damaged tissue are called ___________

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7
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor of the astrocytes is called _________

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8
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

__________ are responsible for myelination of axons in the CNS

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9
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

there are very few ______ and are responsible for myelin in the CNS

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10
Q

microglia

A

_________ are phagocytes

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11
Q

microglia

A

__________ remove waste and foreign elements from brain tissue

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12
Q

ependymal cells

A

_________ _______ line fluid filled cavities within the CNS

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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

___________ _____________ produces CSF in some regions

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14
Q

ependymal cells

A

______________ _________ covered with cilia that move CSF in some regions

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15
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke

A

_______ _______ ________ is caused by ruptured aneurysm, thrombus, or embolus

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16
Q

CVA

A

_______ produces paralysis, hemiparesis, aphasia, or dysphagia. Primary cause of disability in the US

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17
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini stroke

A

_____ _____ _____ is usually a brief zoning out, slurring of speech, confusion, or asymmetry of facial features or tongue. May be a warning sign of an impending stroke.

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18
Q

senile dementia

A

_________ _________ is caused by atherosclerosis and infarcts

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19
Q

alzheimers

A

_________ is a type of senile dementia caused by genetic factors

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20
Q

alzheimers

A

cerebral atrophy, neuron loss, and fibrillar deposits in brain tissue are all caused by __________.

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21
Q

cerebral palsy

A

___________ __________ is caused by prenatal injury or birth injury causing muscle weakness and spasicity

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22
Q

epilepsy

A

seizures from ________ are treated with phenobarbital, dilantin, tegretol, neurontin. Diagnosed with EEG

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23
Q

huntingtons disease

A

__________ _______________ is an autosomal dominant heredity disease which affects mental ability and causes motor disturbances

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24
Q

tay-sachs disease

A

incurable enzyme deficiency that results in progressive mental and motor deterioration and blindness is known as __________ __________.

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25
Q

encephalitis

A

pathogens such as treponema pallidum and other bacteria and viruses such as HIV cause __________. Herpes virus is the most common viral cause of __________ in the us.

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26
Q

encephalopathy

A

______________ is caused by impaired renal function, cirrhosis of the liver (portal hypertension), and other metabolic disorders

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27
Q

coup and counter coup

A

lesions in the brain that occur at the site of impact and on the opposite side of impact to the head are known as ________ and _____________.

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28
Q

alcoholism

A

________________ causes cortical atrophy and nutritional deficiencies

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29
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

chronic autoimmune disease involving demyelination of axons is known as _______ ________. It is long acting (30yrs) with remissions and exacerbations

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30
Q

hydrocephalus

A

blockage of CFS flow or abnormality in CFS production causes increase of fluid in the brain, increased cranial pressure (ICP) and enlarged cranium (in infants) is called ____________

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31
Q

hydroencephalus

A

___________ is relieved by placing a shunt from brain tissue into the peritoneum or other body cavities.

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32
Q

meninges

A

____________ are three layers of specialized tissue the protect the brain tissue and spinal cord by holding them in place

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33
Q

meninges

A

______________ work as a shock absorber and contain vessels which bring blood oxygen an nutrients to the neural tissue.

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34
Q

dura mater

A

_________ ________ is the outer most layer of the meninges

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35
Q

arachnoid

A

__________ is the middle layer of the meninges

36
Q

pia mater

A

________ _________ is the inner most layer of the meninges

37
Q

subdural hematoma

A

__________ ___________ is bleeding below the dura and is a sign of possible trauma

38
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

_______ ________ is blood beneath arachnoid layer possibly from the rupture of a blood vessel

39
Q

meningitis

A

_______ is caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacterium (neisseria meningitides), fungi etc.

40
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord is known as ____________

41
Q

meningitis

A

it is imortant to know if _________ is caused by virus or bacterium because the severity of illness and the treatment differ depending on the cause.

42
Q

viral meningitis

A

__________ ___________ is the less severe form of this medical condition. Bacterial ________ may cause brain damage hearing loss or learning disabilities

43
Q

neurotransmitters

A

nerves communicate with one another at synapses or the neuromuscular junction with the help of _________

44
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

__________ _________ is an autoimmune disease caused by abnormalities with acetylcholine and results in muscle weakness

45
Q

parkinsons disease

A

__________ _________ is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia, due to lack of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.

46
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

_______ _______ is characterized by a shuffling gait, rigidity, and other physical problems

47
Q

spinal column

A

_________ _________ is connected to the cortex and the ventricles by the pons and medulla oblongata

48
Q

anencephaly

A

____________ is a condition when the cortical portion of the brain is absent and the fetus will not live

49
Q

spina bifida

A

a malformation of the vertebrae which leaves the spinal cord unprotected on one side is called _________ __________

50
Q

meningocele

A

__________ is the name of the protrusion of the meninges

51
Q

myelomeningocele

A

protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges is called _________

52
Q

spinal cord

A

________ __________ is composed of gray matter (cell bodies) and white matter (myelinized tissue). the ________ ________ contains the nerve pathways from the brain and from the body.

53
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrigs Disease

A

_____ ______ _____ is caused by the loss of cerebrospinal pathways in the spinal cord

54
Q

ALS

A

________ has a relatively short prognosis of 5 years and causes progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis with little affect on mental processes

55
Q

sciatica

A

_________ is when there is an interference with the sciatic nerve that runs from the lumbar area and goes down the back of the buttocks and legs and causes severe pain

56
Q

quadraplegia

A

injury to the cervical vertebrea and spinal cord may cause this type of paralysis __________

57
Q

paraplegia

A

_________ results form injury to the thoracic vertebrae and causes paralysis below the waist

58
Q

herniated disc

A

________ _________ also known as bulging disc or ruptured disc and causes severe pain due to the compression of the peripheral nerves going out from the spinal cord

59
Q

shingles

A

a painful rash along the sensory distribution of the affected spinal nerves caused by a viral infection ( often herpes varicella-zoster) is called _________

60
Q

poliomyelitis

A

viral infection caused by one of three polio viruses is called __________ . vaccinations have been successful in controlling the disease which in its severe forms causes crippling and lung paralysis

61
Q

meningitis

A

_______ is the inflammation of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

62
Q

neoplasms

A

the majority of _________ in brain tissue are caused by metastisis of malignant tumors

63
Q

seizure medicines

A

phenobarbital, dilantin, tegretal, and nuerontin are used as ______ _________.

64
Q

encephalopathy

A

__________ is caused by portal hypertension, impaired renal function, or cirrhosis of the liver

65
Q

encephalitis

A

__________ is caused by pathogens, treponema pallidum, HIV, Herpes

66
Q

lumbar puncture

A

__________ __________ is used to diagnos meningitis

67
Q

CVA

A

__________ may be caused by ruptured aneurysm thrombus embolism

68
Q

coup and counter coup

A

Brain lesions at the point of impact and at diametrically the opposite point are called ________ and __________

69
Q

spina bifida

A

_______ ________ is a condition where there is a malformation of the vertebrae which leaves the spinal column unprotected on one side (vertebrea do not close)

70
Q

retinopathy

A

capillaries in choroid become blocked or damaged and retina falls forward causing _________ or detached retina. One cause is diabetes

71
Q

glaucoma

A

common in people over 40, __________ is primarily a disease of pressure which destroys the optic nerve

72
Q

optic nerve

A

________ _______ is destroyed by glaucoma

73
Q

senile cataracts

A

__________ _________ are due to old age

74
Q

secondary cataracts

A

________ ________ can be caused by medication or diseases such as diabetes

75
Q

blurs light and objects

A

cataracts affect vision because they ____ _______

76
Q

melanoma

A

_______ is the most common primary intraocular tumor affecting adults

77
Q

otitis media

A

________ ______ is typically caused by bacteria that invade the cavity of the middle ear. If untreated may cause pain, hearing loss, and ruptured typanic membrane

78
Q

glaucoma

A

___________ is a disease related to impeded vitreous fluid due to pressure in the eye which causes atrophy of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells which affect the vision

79
Q

cataracts

A

___________ are the blurring of the crystalline lens of the eye

80
Q

macular degeneration

A

______ ________ is an age related disease affecting the pigmented cells in the macula lutea and is the leading cause of visual problems in elderly people

81
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

_________ ___________ is blindness due to cataracts caused by diabetes and the result of edema, micro-aneurysm, and exudates

82
Q

hypertensive retinopathy

A

___________ __________ is a result of edema of the optic disk

83
Q

retinoblastoma

A

___________ is a rare tumor of infancy and childgood. __________ grows as an intraocular mass that ultimately fills the entire globe and extends into the optic nerve

84
Q

melanomas

A

__________ are the most common primary intraocular tumors affecting adults

85
Q

deafness

A

hearing loss may be caused by many diseases of the ear and result in ______________

86
Q

otitis media

A

________ _______ is caused by conditions that predispose individuals to middle ear infections such as infections of the external ear or pharyngitis

87
Q

menieres disease

A

a disease of the ear that can cause vertigo low frequency hearing loss and ringing of the ear (tinnitus)

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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