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Infect & Immune 2 AM > AM L2 Inflammation & ATS > Flashcards

AM L2 Inflammation & ATS Flashcards

ROS - reactive oxygen species NO - nitric oxide TF - tissue factor

1
Q

Plaques that are likely to rupture are termed

A

Unstable

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2
Q

Rupture of plaques may result in (2)

A

Thrombosis or arterial occulsion

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3
Q

Total/partial occlusion of the coronary artery can cause (2)

A

Angina or frank MI

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4
Q

ATS is recognised as an ….. process rather than a passive process of …….. and …..

A

Inflammatory process

rather than passive process of lipid infiltration and endothelial injury

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5
Q

ATS occurs via interplay between …. and …..

A

hypercholesterolemia
and
inflammatory cascades

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6
Q

What initiates ATS?`

A

Endothelial dyhsfuntion/damage

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7
Q

One of the first signs of endothelial dysfunction/damage…

A

Decreased production/activity of NO (nitric oxide)

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8
Q

Endothelial damage causes: (4)

A

1 Decreased production/activity of NO
2 Chemokine and cytokine release
3 ROS production
4 Upregulation of endothelial adhesion receptors such as VCAM-1

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9
Q

Where does LDL accumulate?

A

Subendothelially

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10
Q

LDL is a complex containing

A

apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100)

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11
Q

ApoB100 binds to….

A

negatively charged extra cellular matrix proteoglycans

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12
Q

What causes retention of LDL particles in the subendothelial layer?

A

ApoB100 binding to negatively charged extracellular matrix proteoglcans

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13
Q

What binds to negatively charged extracellular matrix proteoglycans?

A

ApoB100 in LDLs

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14
Q

ApoB100 binding to negatively charged extracellular matrix proteoglcans causes…

A

retention of LDLs in the subendothelial layer

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15
Q

LDLs that are retained in the subendothelial layer are suceptable to…. (2)

A

oxidative modification by ROS or enzymes

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16
Q

Enzymes that might cause oxidative modicication of LDLs retained in subendothelial layer? (2)

A

myleperoxidases or lipoxygenases

secreted from inflammatory cells

17
Q

Diapedesis is

A

attachment and migration of monocytes through the endothelial layer

18
Q

Modified lipids alter the expression of…. by…..

A

adhesion receptors by endothelial cells

19
Q

Altered expression of adhesion receptors by endothelial cells promotes…… of …. cells

A

intimal immune cell infiltration

20
Q

Monocytes adhere to …. and migrate….

A

adhere to endothelial cells and migrate into the arterial wall

21
Q

Monocytes that are resident in the cell wall then…

A

differentiate into macrophages (via MCSF)

22
Q

MCSF is

A

macrophage colony stimulating factor

23
Q

MCSF causes

A

differentiation of monocytes (in the arterial wall) into macrophages

24
Q

Macrophages are present at what stages of ATS

A

all

25
Q

How are foam cells formed

A

Tissue phagocytosis engulfing lipophoteins

26
Q

‘fatty streak legions’ produced by …(2)… cells?

A

T cells and monocyte-derived macrophage like foam cells

27
Q

which scavenging cells ingest LDL?

A

macrophages

28
Q

Macrophages can produce ….(3)… that amplify local inflammation and promote thrombotic complications

A

Pro-inflammatory mediators
ROS
TF procoagulants

29
Q

Pro-inflammatory mediators
ROS
TF procoagulants
are produced by …. and cause (2)

A

Produced by macrophages

…amplify local inflammation and promote thrombotic complications

30
Q

What two receptors are highly regulated in monocytes/macrophages during differentiation?

A 
SR-A (scavenger receptor A)
CD36 (class B scavengers receptor)
31
Q

SR-A and CD36 are highly regulated in ….cells during….

A

macrophages/monocytes during differentiation

32
Q

Scavenger receptors are found on what cells and do what?

A

found on macrophages/monocytesd duting differentiation

bind and internalise oxidised LDL, helping to form foam cells

33
Q

Atherosclerotic legions have high expression of what receptor?

A

CD36 (class B scavenger receptor)

34
Q

Accumulation of …(3)… forms necrotic core

A

Apoptotic cells, debris and cholesterol crystals

35
Q

‘shoulder regions’ are heavily infiltrated by… (2)… which produce…. (2)

A

T cells and mast cells

Enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines… this contributes to adventitial inflammation of advanced plaques

36
Q

Modified LDLs form a core surrounded by cap of ….(2)…

A

smooth muscle cells and collagen rich matrix

37
Q

What are the central effector cells in ATS? (2)

A

Monocytes and macrophages

Infect & Immune 2 AM (11 decks)

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