Individual Senses

Question 1

Hue vs. Saturation

Answer 1

actual light wavelength vs. vividness/purity

Question 2

Primary Colors

Answer 2

red, green, blue

Question 3

Pupil

Answer 3

small opening through which light enters

Question 4

Iris

Answer 4

colored muscle that regulates pupil size

Question 5

Lens

Answer 5

(behind pupil) focuses incoming rays into image on retina

Question 6

Retina

Answer 6

photoreceptors; light-sensative multilayer tissue at back of eyeball

Question 7

Rods vs. Cones

Answer 7

(in retina) black/white only vs. color vision

Question 8

Bipolar Cells

Answer 8

triggered by chemical changes in rods/cones, activates ganglion cells

Question 9

Ganglion Cells

Answer 9

axons of ganglion cells make up optic nerve

Question 10

Blind Spot

Answer 10

where optic nerve goes to brain

Question 11

Fovea

Answer 11

retina’s area of central focus (only cones)

Question 12

Cornea

Answer 12

protective outer area

Question 13

Trichromatic Young-Helmholtz Theory

Answer 13

(eye) 3-different types of color receptors (RBG)

Question 14

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 14

(eye) 3 neuron pairs: R/G, B/W, Y/Bl. As one half of the pair activates, the other is inhibited.

Question 15

Nearsightedness vs. Farsightedness

Answer 15

eyeball is misshapen so image does not focus exactly on retina.

Question 16

Cataracts

Answer 16

lens become cloudy and sometimes need to be removed

Question 17

Glaucoma

Answer 17

nerve cells unable to fire b/c of pressure from excess fluid

Question 18

Color Blindness vs. Blindness

Answer 18

sex-linked, typically only red-green vs. result of damage to the eye/neurons/visual cortex

Question 19

Pinna

Answer 19

outer ear; receives sound waves

Question 20

Ear Canal

Answer 20

outer ear; sound waves travel through

Question 21

Timpanic Membrane

Answer 21

outer ear; aka ear drum; sound waves hit and vibrate ear drum

Question 22

Ossicles (3)

Answer 22

middle ear; carry/amplify vibrations from ear drum

Question 23

Oval Window

Answer 23

middle ear; allows access to cilia

Question 24

Cochlea

Answer 24

inner ear; filled w/ fluid, spiral-shaped

Question 25

Basilar Membrane

Answer 25

inner ear; within cochlea; covered w/ cilia. When the cilia vibrate, messages are sent up to auditory cortex in temporal lobe

Question 26

Sound Localization

Answer 26

2 ears = which ear receives sound waves first?

*doppler effect

Question 27

Place Theory

Answer 27

super high pitches stimulate first cilia

Question 28

Frequency Theory

Answer 28

low frequency sounds vibrate cilia at same frequency

Question 29

Volley Principle

Answer 29

take turns reloading (first group fire then switch)

Question 30

Conduction vs. Sensorineural Deafness

Answer 30

due to problems w/ distal stimulus (outer ear) vs. due to nerve damage -proximal stimulus- (inner ear)

Question 31

Pitch vs. Timbre

Answer 31

tone (i.e. keys on piano) vs. quality/complexity of sound (mixture of sound waves)

Question 32

Gustatory Sense

Answer 32

taste: salt, sweet, bitter, sour, umami.

- taste buds refreshed every few months, tastes can change/dull

Question 33

Haptic Sense

Answer 33

skin; parietal lobe (somatosensory cortex)

Question 34

Gate Control Theory

Answer 34

• adrenaline closes pain gates.

- exhaustion/emotional problems can worsen pain.

Question 35

Vestibular Sense

Answer 35

balance; tells position of head and when body is moving.

Question 36

Semicircular Canals and Vestibular Sacs

Answer 36

structures in inner ear that have fluid in them; related to vestibular sense

Question 37

Kinesthetic Sense

Answer 37

tells us where in space our bodies are, where body parts are in relation to each other, what muscles are doing

Question 38

Olfactory Sense

Answer 38

smell; stimulus goes into nose to olfactory epithelium where odor receptors lie. Axons of receptors join to form olfactory nerves —> olfactory cortex in temporal lobe