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2252 health promotion final > 2252 lecture 8 Cancer > Flashcards

2252 lecture 8 Cancer Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what is the leading causes of death in Canada, 2022

A

Malignant neoplasms aka cancer

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2
Q

what is cancer?

A

large groups of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

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3
Q

what is a neoplasm?

A

they grow from a small tissue into a tumor that has a larger cluster of tissue

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4
Q

what is a malignant tumor?

A

it is a cluster of cells that have no symmetry and have abnormal cells

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5
Q

what is a benign tumor?

A

is encapsulated in a sac with normal cells

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6
Q

what is metastasis?

A

it is cancer that spreads through the lymphatic system or circulatory system

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7
Q

what is a biopsy?

A

for certainty of either abnormal or benign cells uses a needle to extract tissue or fluid samples

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8
Q

what is oncology?

A

an area of science that studies cancer

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9
Q

what are the cancer death rates between males and females as of 2024?

A

it is expected that males have a higher death rate by 37% than in females

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10
Q

what is the most common diagnosed cancers in males and females?

A

prostate cancer for males
breast cancer for females

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11
Q

what is 5 most common cancer deaths in order?

A
  1. lung 23.5%
  2. colorectal 10.7%
  3. pancreas 6.9%
  4. breast 6.2 %
  5. prostate 5.7%
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12
Q

what is the probability of developing cancer for males and females?

A

males: 45% 1 in 2.2
females: 42% 1 in 2.4

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13
Q

what are the theories of cancer development?

A

spontaneous error
external/environmental agents/s
certain viruses may cause cancer

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14
Q

what is spontaneous error?

A

alteration that happens
e.g. overworked or aged cells

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15
Q

what is external/environmental agent/s?

A

these agents enter a normal cell & initiate cancerous process
e.g. radiation & carcinogens

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16
Q

what are oncogenes

A

are dormant cancer genes that can be activated by external factors e.g. viruses (HPV)

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17
Q

how does estrogen contribute to cancer?

A

estrogen feeds cancer cells which is why women have cancer
ex. Hep B feeds into cancer

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18
Q

what are biomedical factors for cancer

A

genetic susceptibility
hormonal factors in females

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19
Q

what are lifestyle factors for cancer

A

smoking
alcohol consumption
physical inactivity and obesity
chronic infections
diet

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19
Q

what are environmental factors

A

sunlight
radiation
occupational exposure
pollution

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20
Q

what are the classification of cancers?

A

Carcinomas, Sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemia

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21
Q

what are carcinomas?

Study These Flashcards
A

cancer of epithelial tissues
ex. skin, liver, bladder, lung

22
Q

what are sarcomas?

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A

cancers of mesodermal tissues, more aggressive and fatal than carcinomas
ex. bone ligament, tendons

23
Q

what are lymphomas

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A

travel to lymphatic system
ex. hodgkin’s disease common disease of lymphoma

24
what is leukemia?
cancer of blood forming in the body ex. affects the blood, white blood cells, platelets etc
25
which type of cancer does not develop solid tumors?
leukemia
26
what are symptoms of cancer?
persistent cough, chest pain, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis only 15% live 5 years beyond diagnosis
27
what are preventative measures for cancer?
avoid smoking, exposure to smoke, industrial substances, radiation risk
28
theoretically _____ of all lung cancer could be avoided by not smoking
90%
29
breast cancer occurrence
being female sex, age, family history estrogen is a cancer promoter
30
causes of cancer
menstruating early, late menopause, never having children, late pregnancy alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, possibly fat consumption, use of oral contraceptives
31
what is the secondary prevention of breast cancer?
this focuses on early detection & screening - breast self/professional examinations -mammography
32
what is the importance of mammography
mammogram --> biopsy --> treatment/surgical options mammogram - second best imagery technique to solve cancer
33
what does the canadian cancer society recommend women?
ages 40-49 should talk to their doctor about their risk of breast cancer, benefits of risks of mammography 50-69: mammogram every two years 70 or older should talk to their doctor about how often to have a mammogram
34
what is chemotherapy?
it is a form of drug therapy
35
what is lumpectomy?
performed when tumor is in earliest localized stages. prognosis for recovery is better than 95%. only tumor itself is removed. some physicians may also remove normal tissue in surrounding area
36
what is simple mastectomy?
removal of breast and underlying tissue. prognosis for full recovery better than 80%
37
what is modified radical mastectomy
breast and lymph nodes in immediate area removed. prognosis for full recovery dependent on level of spread
38
radical mastectomy
removal of breast, lymph nodes, pectoral muscles, all fat and underlying tissue prognosis for recovery may be as low as 60% dependent on level of spread
39
what is ovarian cancer?
affects ovaries common sign: enlargement of abdomen family history, age, hormone therapy after menopause, never having a child, being obese, diets high in saturated fat
40
do PAP tests detect ovarian cancer
PAP tests do not detect ovarian cancer
41
what does uterine cancer effect?
it affects the lining of the uterus
42
what is cervical cancer?
affects the cervix (base of uterus) ex. HPV (# 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer), HPV exposure tamoxifen treats breast cancer
43
what is prostate cancer?
most frequent occurring cancer in males; risk increases with age warning signs: weak or interrupted urine flow and other urine-related difficulties
44
what is testicular cancer?
ages 17-34 at greatest risk causes is unknown but undescended testicles appear to be greatest risk First sign: painless enlargement of testis or thickening of testicular tissue Self examination and early detection are important
45
what are warning signs of colorectal cancers?
bleeding from rectum, blood in stool, changes in bowel habits 40+ age male sex inflammatory bowel disease family history sedentary lifestyles diets high in read meat, fat & protein, & low fibre
46
skin cancer
most people do not die of common forms of skin cancer but "malignant melanoma" is fatal basal and squamous cell skin cancer linked to sunlight exposure (UVB) chronic non-healing wounds, genetic predisposition, age, pale skin symptoms - unusual skin conditions, e.g. change in size & color of moles
47
how do you spot skin cancer?
A - asymmetry B - border C - color D - diameters E - Evolving
48
what is leukemia?
cancer of blood-forming tissues symptoms: fatigue, paleness , weight loss, easy bruising, repeated infections, nosebleeds
49
what are oral cancers?
most often on lips, lining of cheeks, gums, and floor of the mouth tobacco use if most common risk factor
50
what can fruits/vegetables contain?
contain antioxidants that neutralize free radicals --> carcinogens
51
is ethanol a carcinogen
yes
52
what are ways to detect cancer?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) computerized axial tomography scan (CAT) self-exam and check-ups assess risk factors & try to avoid them
53
what are some cancer treatments?
surgery to remove tumor radiotherapy chemotherapy attention to the psychological needs of patients & families palliative care

2252 health promotion final (1 decks)

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