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Gastrointestinal > GI microbiology > Flashcards

GI microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

How is rotavirus spread?

A

Faecal-oral route

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2
Q

What is the clinical presentation of rotavirus infection?

A

Fever, then vomiting, then diarrhoea

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3
Q

Does rotavirus cause bloody diarrhoea?

A

No

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4
Q

Does rotavirus have a high or a low infectious dose?

A

Low - 100-1000 particles required for infection

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5
Q

Which part of the GI tract does rotavirus have an effect on?

A

Affects absorption and secretion in the bowel

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6
Q

How is rotavirus diagnoses?

A

PCR on faeces

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7
Q

What might affect children after infection with rotavirus?

A

Post-viral malabsorption, causing more diarrhoea

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8
Q

How is the rotavirus vaccine administered?

A

Orally

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9
Q

What form does the rotavirus vaccine take?

A

Live attenuated

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10
Q

Where is the rotavirus vaccine excreted?

A

Faeces

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11
Q

How is norovirus spread?

A

Faecal-oral route

Droplets

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12
Q

Does norovirus have high or low infectious dose?

A

Low

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13
Q

What is the clinical presentation of norovirus?

A

Explosive, sudden onset diarrhoea and vomiting

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14
Q

How long does norovirus infection tend to last?

A

2-4 days

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15
Q

How is norovirus diagnosed?

A

PCR on faeces

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16
Q

How is infection with norovirus managed?

A

Hydration

Cohort nursing/isolation in hospitals

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17
Q

What toxins might C difficile produce?

A

Enterotoxin
Cytotoxin
Spores

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18
Q

What is the usual cause of C difficile infection?

A

Disruption of normal gut flora

Antibiotic use

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19
Q

What complication might be cause by C difficile infection?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

20
Q

How common are relapses in C difficile infection?

A

Occur in 30% of cases

21
Q

What are some of the risk factors for development of C diff?

A

Antibiotic use
Recent surgery
Hospital admission
Use of PPI

22
Q

What two tests must be positive for diagnosis of C diff to be made?

A

C diff antigen

C diff toxin

23
Q

What is food poisoning?

A

Illness caused by eating food contaminated with micro-organisms, toxins, poisons etc.

24
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of food poisoning?

A

Campylobacter

25
Q

Which bacteria have a short incubation period and how long is this incubation period usually?

A

Bacillus cereus
Staph. aureus
1-6 hours

26
Q

What symptoms would patients usually present with in food poisoning with a bacteria of short incubation period?

A

Vomiting

Abdominal pain

27
Q

How long is the usual incubation period for campylobacter?

A

16-48 hours

28
Q

What kinds of food may be contaminated with campylobacter?

A

Poultry

Milk

29
Q

What are some of the symptoms and signs of campylobacter infection?

A

Pain
Fever
Diarrhoea
Bloody in 30% of cases

30
Q

How long is the usual incubation period for salmonella enteritidis?

A

12-48 hours

31
Q

What are some of the symptoms of salmonella enteritidis?

A

Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Blood
Fever

32
Q

What foods might salmonella be present in?

A

Poultry
Meat
Eggs

33
Q

Why is serogrouping of salmonella useful?

A

It can help pinpoint the source of infection, and so is useful for detecting outbreaks

34
Q

What are the most common serotypes of salmonella?

A

B, C & D

35
Q

What does E. Coli O157 present with?

A

Bloody diarrhoea

36
Q

Does E. Coli O157 have a low or a high infectious dose?

A

Low

37
Q

What kinds of food might E. Coli O157 have contaminated?

A

Beef

Raw milk

38
Q

What toxin does E. Coli O157 produce?

A

Verotoxin

39
Q

What is a potential complication of verotoxin production from E. Coli O157?

A

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

40
Q

Patients within which age group tend to develop HUS?

A

< 16

41
Q

What is the clinical presentation of HUS?

A 
Abdomina; pain
Fever
Pallor
Petechiae
Oliguria
Bloody diarrhoea in 90% of cases
42
Q

What blood abnormalities might HUS show?

A 
High white cells
Low platelets
Low haemoglobin 
Red cell fragments
LDH > 1.5 x normal
43
Q

What does verotoxin do?

A

Binds to receptors found on renal cells, RBC & others -
Inhibit protein synthesis
Causes cell swelling, intravascular coagulation and platelet aggregation
Causes mechanical damage to RBC

44
Q

What tests should be done in suspected diagnosis of HUS?

A

Send U&E, FBC, film, LFT, clotting, urine, (dipstick/micro), lactate dehydrogenase
Stool culture should be done on all bloody diarrheoa

45
Q

What are some of the complications of HUS?

A

Acute renal failure
Thrombocytopaenia
Haemolytic anaemia

46
Q

What is the most common cause of bloody diarrhoea in children?

A

E. Coli O157

Gastrointestinal (17 decks)

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