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Animal Physiology > Body Defense System > Flashcards

Body Defense System Flashcards

0
Q

Blood cells involved in the immune system

A

Leukocyte:

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. B and T lymphocytes
  6. Plasma cells
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1
Q

Importance of immune system

A

Body defence against pathogens, infectious agents, viruses, etc.

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2
Q

Movement ofwhite blood cells through pores

A

Diapedesis: deformation of cells to pass through pores mediated by selectin

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3
Q

How do pores of endothelial layer change?

A

Size can be altered by presence of growth factors or cytokines

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4
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement directed by chemical concentration gradients

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5
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant leukocyte. Neutralize infectious bodies by phagocytosis.

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7
Q

Eosinophils

A

Mobilized following parasitic infection. Release hydrolysis enzymes to weaken the parasite and release H2O2 to help detoxify inflammatory substances.

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8
Q

Basophils

A

Produce heparin. Facilitate removal of fat. Release histamine which activates inflammation and pain pathways for allergic reactions.

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9
Q

Two functional forms of immunity

A

Innate immune system

Adaptive of acquired immune system

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10
Q

How are infectious agents detected?

A

Damaged cells activate and attract phagocytic cells by releasing chemotactic factors

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11
Q

Innate immunity

A

Physical barriers and factors
Soluble compounds
Cellular component

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12
Q

Physical barriers

A

Skin

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13
Q

Physiological factors

A

Low pH or acid, increased temperature, oxygen tension

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14
Q

Soluble compounds

A

Lysozyme
Complement complex system
C reactive protein
Cytokines

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15
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzymes that attack bacterial cell wall by cleaving molecules to disrupt integrity of cell

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16
Q

C reactive protien

A

Bind to c-peptides on bacteria to flag them for the complement system

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17
Q

Complement system

A

Compliments removal of pathogens

  1. Directly though activation of antibodies
  2. Contacting surface of pathogens
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18
Q

Cytokines

A

Biochemical messengers stimulate leukocyte activity

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19
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer cells have no memory but is able to ducted viral proteins and target viral cells.

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20
Q

How to NK cells work?

A

Activated by interferons produced by viral cells and lymphocytes. NK cells bind to virus and release granules to form pores in the virus membrane which cause it to lyse

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21
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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22
Q

Opsonization

A

Deposition of compounds (opsonins) on infectious agents to enhance its recognition. Multiple opsonins increase efficiency of detection.

Ex. C3B and antibody

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23
Q

Reticuloendothelial system

A

Network of neutrophils and macrophages in organs, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node that move around in the blood stream and are attracted to foreign substances via chemotaxis

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24
Q

Tissues with high amounts of phagocytic cells

A 
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Liver sinus 
Spleen
Bone marrow
Lymph node
Alveoli
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25
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Work in concert with innate immunity but provides more specific immunity against individual agents.

Able to remember past infections so it can deliver immunity faster due to a subsequent encounter.

26
Q

Antibody structure

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains bound by disulphides bonds

27
Q

How is an antibody bifunctional?

A

Has an antigen binding region (Fab domain)

Has a cell binding domain (Fc region)

28
Q

Epitope

A

Specific binding site on a molecule that corresponds to a antibody

29
Q

Specific antigen antibody reaction

A

Epitope matches Fab region

30
Q

Cross reaction

A

Epitope slightly matches Fab region

31
Q

No reaction

A

Epitope resembles no similarity to Fab region. Therefore antibody cannot bind to molecule to execute a immune reaction.

32
Q

Immunoglobulin G

A

Most abundant

Targets toxins

33
Q

Immunoglobulin A

A

In sero-mucus secretion (saliva, colostrum, milk, genito-urinary)

34
Q

Immunoglobulin M

A

Binds to substrates to increase detection

Early antibody

35
Q

Immunoglobulin D

A

On B lymphocytes
Trigger lymphocyte differentiation
Bind to specific antigens

36
Q

Immunoglobulin E

A

Respond to allergens and parasites
Present on basophils and mast cells
Inflammatory

37
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Mediated by B cells
Produce specific antibodies
Mature in bone marrow

38
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

T cells
Destroy invaders
Mature in thymus

39
Q

How b and T cells work together?

A

B cells make antibodies

T cells destroy cells with specific antibodies

40
Q

Clonal selection

A

Each B cell is only able to produce one antibody and recognize one antigen.

Binding of a specific antigen to a preformed B cell leads to B cell activation. Enlargement of B cell to plasma cell leads to proliferation of a corresponding antibody.

41
Q

What happens to B cells that do not become plasma cells?

A

They form memory cells which have membrane components that recognize the same antigen; important to effectively fight a subsequent re infection

42
Q

Secondary response

A

Rapid and potent antibody response to subsequent re infection due to presence of memory cells.

43
Q

Adjuvence

A

Process of enhancing a immune response. Ex. Vaccines

44
Q

Function of antibodies

A

Agglutinate multiple organisms into large aggregates
Neutralize molecule by binding to its active site
Opsonization
Complement activation (recruit proteins to form pore)

45
Q

Major groups if T cells

A

Helper

Cytotoxic or killer

Suppressor

46
Q

Helper T cells

A

Secrete cytokines including interleukins that help other T cells

47
Q

Cytotoxic or killer T-cells

A

Bind to antigen on foreign cell and secrete perforin which mediates hole formation that causes apoptosis

48
Q

How does the immune system distinguish between foreign cells and itself?

A

Membrane of cells belonging to the body contain histocompatibility molecules or human leukocyte antigens.

49
Q

Where do histocompatibility molecules come from?

A

The major histocompatibility complex

Each person can only produce 3-6 types

Probability that these molecules are identical between two people is small. Reason for a lot of transplant rejections.

50
Q

Class 1 major histocompatibility complex molecules

A

Produced by all cells except RBC

51
Q

Class 2 major histocompatibility complex molecules

A

Only produced by macrophages and B cells

52
Q

Which MHC molecules correlate with killer T cells?

A

Class 1

53
Q

Which MHC molecules correlate with helper T cells?

A

Class 2

54
Q

What are the different MHC receptors?

A

CD4 for helper

CD8 for killer

55
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

Binding to antigen or binding to antigen presented on other leukocytes

56
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Regulatory T cells
Reduced helper T cell activity
Important for self immune tolerance

57
Q

Immune tolerance

A
  1. Clonal detection: destroy lymphocytes with receptors for self
  2. Clonal anergy: lymphocytes do not attack self antigen
58
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Reaction to an antigen resulting in a pathological reaction

59
Q

Antihistamines

A

Block allergen receptors to reduce reaction to allergens

60
Q

Allergic reaction

A
  1. Allergen enters body
  2. Allergen binds to associated antibodies on lymphocytes
  3. Binding leads to activation and release of histamine
  4. Histamine causes inflammation
61
Q

Inflammation

A

Vasodilation of local blood vessels
Increased permeability of capillaries
Increase interstitial fluid
Swelling

62
Q

Walling off

A

Process of stoping spread of inflammation. Increased interstitial fluid begins to clot because of leaked fibrinogen. Creation of barrier.

63
Q

What does inflammation attract?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils

Monocytes differentiate to macrophages
Granulocytes produce more monocytes

Animal Physiology (5 decks)

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