lecture 12

Question 1

What is dry-rolling (cracking)?

Answer 1

processing method in which the grains are passed through metal rollers under pressure sufficient to crack the seed coat. No moisture or steam added

Question 2

what is crimping?

Answer 2

grains are rolled using corrugated rolling

Question 3

what is grinding

Answer 3

particle size are reduced using a hammer mill. Finely ground cereal grains are sometimes referred to as meal or mash feeds

Question 4

What is popping?

Answer 4

Expansion by heat treatment and possibly pressure

Question 5

What is toasting/roasting

Answer 5

feed is browned, dried, or parched by exposure to fire, gas, or electric heat for a brief peiod of time. Increased Digestibility and palatability

Question 6

what is steam flaking/rolling?

Answer 6

cereal grains rolled using heat (steam). Increases starch digestibility by gelling the starch

Question 7

what is dehydrating?

Answer 7

moisture is removed by artificially drying. Early harvested hays and grasses to preserve quality and prevent molding

Question 8

what is ensiling?

Answer 8

forages are chopped, packed, and sealed anaerobically (lactic acid fermentation)

Question 9

What is cooking

Answer 9

feed is heated (dog and cat foods) to:

• preserve or dry a feed to kill pathogens
• to gel starch in a feed
• to denature or alter protein structure

Question 10

what is pelleting?

Answer 10

ground (mash, meal) feed is steam treated prior to being forced through dies containing circular openings using mechanical rollers. This process is expensive, but increases feed density and intake while reducing segregation of ingredients and feed wastage

Question 11

What is crumbles

Answer 11

used primarily in poultry (broiler) diets whereby feed is first pelleted and then lightly rolled. Used to increase efficiency, decrease feed wastage and ingredient sorting

Question 12

What is cubing?

Answer 12

coarsely cut hay (alfalfa) is compressed and cut into cubes of about 1 inch square by 2 inches long

increases feed density and mechanical handling
decreases feed wastage

Question 13

Can you isolate parts of the plant material?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

what is degerming

Answer 14

a process that removes embryo portion from starch in the seed

Question 15

what is dehulling

Answer 15

removes seed coat (hull) or bran portion of seed.

Question 16

what is extrusion

Answer 16

steam heat meal is pressed through metal die at high pressure (temperature). During extrusion, diet is heated and expanded.

• gelatinizes starch
• texturizes (denatures) proteins
• destroys pathogens and toxins

Question 17

what is the primary method for producing different shapes and sizes of pet foods?

Answer 17

extrusion

Question 18

Reasons for feed processing

Answer 18

• increase feed density
• increase digestibility
• isolate specific part of plant
• prevent spoilage
• detoxify
• sterilization

Question 19

reasons for heat treatment

Answer 19

• feed preservation
• detoxification
• increase digestibility
• destroy pathogenic bacteria

Question 20

effects of excessive heat treatment

Answer 20

• destroy many proteins

- denature protein (browning reaction, etc)

Question 21

What are maillard products?

Answer 21

high temperature causes condensation of sugars with amino acids (lysine, arginine) to form insoluble sugar-protein or sugar-amino acid complexes

Question 22

What is ADIN

Answer 22

Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen; high temperature also causes proteins to bind to ADF fraction, making the protein indigestible. Used as index of heat damage

Question 23

In dairy cattle, commercial feeds are pelleted to reduce ______

Answer 23

dust

Question 24

Meal feeds are used in ___________

Answer 24

Total Mixed Rations

Question 25

Fine grinding and moisture treatment increase _____

Answer 25

digestibility

Question 26

Which has the best milk yield?

long, chopped, or pelleted alfalfa hay

Answer 26

pelleted > chopped > long

Question 27

In sheep and goats the advantage to grinding is _____

Answer 27

minimal

Question 28

-

Answer 28

increase intake

reduce sorting and selection of feeds

Question 29

Swine feeds are fed in _____

Answer 29

a meal or ground form