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Biology- IB > 2.3 > Flashcards

2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates

A

made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

used to store energy

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2
Q

what are the three groups of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

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3
Q

monosaccharides

A

one sugar

are single. sugar units(monomers) which are also known as reducing sugars

are small enough to pass through the cell membrane

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4
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

ribose

deoxyribose

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5
Q

What monomer is this the structure for

   CH2OH
             |\_\_\_\_O
     H    /           \.  H
       |  /               \ |
       |  \ OH    H  / |
   HO    \|\_\_\_\_|/.   OH
              |          |
             H        OH
A

Glucose

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6
Q

amylose

A

plant starch

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7
Q

chemical name for fiber

A

cellulose

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8
Q

What are the main elements that make up living things?

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

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9
Q

D Glucose and L Glucose

A

D and L glucose are the. two forms that glucose comes in.

L glucose is not used by living things

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10
Q

D glucose

A

two different forms of D glucose: Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

Alpha D Glucose makes up starch and glycogen polymers.

Beta D glucose makes up the cellulose polymer

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11
Q

the structure of which monomers are pentagons

A

Ribose

Fructose

Deoxyribose

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12
Q

the structure of which monomers are hexgons

A

glucose

galactose

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13
Q

glucose vs galactose structure

A

both are hexagons

the H and OH at the sides are in different positions

in glucose OH is down and H is up

in galactose OH is up and H is down

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14
Q

fructose vs ribose vs deoxyribose

A

all are pentagon monomers

only deoxyribose contains two H’s in the bottom right corner

fructose only has six ions attached

fructose only has one side (right side corner) which has two ions attached

in Ribose the bottom. two corners are both H attached upwards, OH attached down

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15
Q

structure of Alpha D vs Beta D glucose

A

both are hexagon shapes, however, the right corner is different on both of them

in Beta D OH is upwards and H is downwards

In Alpha D OH is downwards. and H is upwards

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16
Q

Disaccharides

A

produced by combining monosaccharides via a condensation reaction

three types:
Sucrose
lactose
maltose

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17
Q

Sucrose

A

a disaccharide combination of glucose and fructose monosaccharides.

Formed via a condensation reaction in plants.

is sweet

examples
Table sugar
sugar
cane sugar

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18
Q

sweetness in sucrose

A

is sweet

most of the sweetness comes from the fructose because fructose is twice as sweet as glucose

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19
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide combination of galactose and glucose monosaccharides

milk lactose is broken down by the enzyme: lactase.

in most mammals, lactase production gradually decreases with maturity, which is why many people are lactose intolerant.

example
milk sugar

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20
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide combination of two glujcose monoasaccharides

produces when amylase enzyme breaks down starch polymers.

found in germinating seeds such as barley.
- also produced when. glucose is caramelised

example
malt sugar

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21
Q

how to identify sucrose structure

A

glucose and fructose monosaccharides

contains three CH2OH

one hexagon, one pentagon

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22
Q

condensation reactions

A

when a disaccharide is formed by the joining of 2 units by removing a molecule of water

a polysaccharide is formed if more than two units are joined

GLUCOSE +glucose => disaccharide + water

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23
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breaking apart of a disaccharide

a water molecule provides the hydrogen and hydroxyl group to break the glycosidic bond

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24
Q

types of polysaccharides

A

starch

glycogen

cellulose

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25
starch
the way plants store their carbohydrates made of long branched (amylopectin) and unbranched(amylose) chains of Alpha D glucose. most vertebrates have digestive enzymes that can break down. starch.
26
glycogen
the way animals store glucose in muscles and liver made of only long branched. chains of Alpha D glucose is invaluable so large amounts can be stored
27
cellulose
makes up the walls of plants made of unbranched polymer of Beta D glucose humans and most vertebrates cannot digest cellulose. some bacteria contain the enzymes needed to breakdown cellulose
28
why cant humans and most vertebrates digest cellulose
because the enzymes needed to breakdown the Beta acetyl linkages are not found in vertebrates
29
amylose
helical chains: (Alpha glucose) energy storage: plants
30
amylopectin
chains which branch approx every 20 subunits the branch points have c1-c6 links.
31
glycogen branching
branches approx every 10 subunits. branches have C1-C6 links, however, non-branched area have C1-C4 links
32
lipids
carbon compounds made by living organisms that are mostly or entirely hydrophobic. three types of lipid triglycerides phospholipids steroids at room temperature fats and waxes are solid at room temperature only oil is liquid relatively insoluable in water. important energy storage compounds - fats have the greatest energy per gram excess proteins and carbohydrates can be converted to fats for storage
33
triglycerides
most common type of lipid | made of three fatty acids, joined to a glycerol think of three cricket wickets
34
saturated vs unsaturated
saturated all the covalent atoms in the chain are connected with single covalent bonds. max amount of hydrogen atoms tend to be from animals unsaturated one or more double bond/s additional hydrogens can be added( not saturated with hydrogens) unsaturated fats tend to be of plant origin
35
mono-unsaturated poly-unsaturated
one double bond two or more double bonds
36
omega 3 unsaturated fatty acids
the position of the double bond is on the 3rd carbon from the CH3 terminal. high in fish oil
37
omega 6 fatty acid
the posistion of the double bond is on the 6th carbon from the CH3 terminal high in vegetable oil
38
cis unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogen atoms bonded to the same side of the double bond
39
trans fatty acids
hydrogen atoms are bonded to opposite sides of the double bond uncommon in nature but commonly produced industrially liquid cis-unsaturated. fats are altered to have more desirable physical properties for use in products such as. margarine and snack food. trans fats have been shown to consistently be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death
40
steriods
all steriods have a similar structure which is 17 carbon atoms in four rings. ``` examples of steriods cholesterol progesterone estrogen testosterone vitamin D ```
41
how to identify Vitamin D. structure
one of the rings will be broken
42
testosteronr structure
four rings 3 H, 1 OH, 1 O,
43
cholesterol structure
Multiple H3C/CH3 and a OH
44
how is a glyceride formed and broken
glycerol and fatty acids are joined by removing a molecule of water through a condensation reaction glycerol + fatty acids. => triglyceride when a glyceride is broken apart, a water molecule provides the hydrogen and hydroxyl group to break the bond triglyceride + water => glycerol + fatty acids
45
energy storage
lipid and carbohydrates are used by living organisms as store of energy. 1g of glycogen is associated with 2g of water
46
what are lipid
fats and oils
47
what are carbohydrates
starch in plants or glycogen in muscles and liver of animals
48
energy storage converrting into energy 100g carbs= 100g protein= 100g lipids=
100g carbs= 1760KJ 100g protein=. 1510KJ 100g lipid= 4000KJ
49
what is the best store of energy, why
lipids the energy per gram of lipids is double the amount released from a gram of carbohydrates. lipids can be stored and used without water so are six times more efficient. lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates.
50
BMI
a measure of relative size based on mass(kg) and height(m). it is used to guess a person'a body fat percentage. used as a diagnostic tool
51
limits to BMI
change be affects and inaccurste due to human diversity ``` examples age gender body shape high muscle mass ethnicity ```
52
cis fat structure
on an angle where bonded double bond Two H atoms at same side of molecule
53
trans fat structure
straight double bond two H bond on opposite sides of the molecule
54
saturated fatty acids structure
no double bonds COnnected by single covalent bonds
55
unsaturated fatty acid structure
one or more double bonds additonal hydrogens could be added
56
what are the different proteins
structual regulatory contractile immunological transport catalytic sensory
57
what are proteins
very important chemicals that have many roles in living organisms. polymers
58
structural proteins
form structural componets E.g. collagen, keratin
59
regulatory proteins
regutae cellulae function- hormones e.g. insulin
60
conctracile proteins
form contractile elements in muscles e.g. myosin, actin
61
immunological proteins
function to combat invading microbes e.g. antibodies, antitoxins
62
transport proteins
act as. carrier molecules e.g. carrying oxygen (haemoglobin)
63
cataytic proteins
catalysing all the biochemical reactions in the body e.g. amylase
64
sensory protein
component of the nervous system including receptors and neurotransmitters
65
what is the general structure of amino acids
because proteins are polymers they are made of large repeated units of molecules, the unites(monomers) are amino acids which are linked together all amino acids have the same general structure. Central carbon atom with a amine (NH2 or H2N) carboxyl group(COOH) a R group. each amino acid has a different R group

Biology- IB (10 decks)

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