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2301 Anth > 2301 Anth Final > Flashcards

2301 Anth Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hominin?

A

A member of the human lineage after the split from the common ancestor with chimpanzees

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2
Q

Define mosaic evolution.

A

Different traits or body parts within an organism evolve at different rates or independently of one another

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3
Q

Where is the foramen magnum located in bipedal organisms?

A

At the bottom of the skull

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4
Q

What shape does the spine have in bipedal organisms?

A

An S-shaped curve

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5
Q

Describe the ilium in bipedal organisms.

A

Short front & back

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6
Q

What is the characteristic of legs in bipedal organisms?

A

Relatively long to the body trunk & arms

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7
Q

How are the knees positioned in bipedal organisms?

A

Angled inward

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8
Q

What is a key feature of the foot in bipedal organisms?

A

Has a longitudinal arch

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9
Q

Do bipedal organisms have an opposable big toe?

A

No

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10
Q

By what percentage did brain size increase in early hominins?

A

Approximately 20%

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11
Q

What abilities are associated with increased brain size in early hominins?

A

Advanced intelligence, language & tool use, possibly empathy & caregiving

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12
Q

What are some examples of early tools used by hominins?

A

Stone tools, Oldowan ‘chopper’ and flakes

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13
Q

Where were significant early hominin sites located?

A

Lomekwi, West Turkana, Kenya; Olduvai; Gona site

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14
Q

What anatomical changes occurred after the appearance of bipedalism?

A

Canine reduction, changes in hand anatomy

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15
Q

What hypotheses explain the evolution of bipedalism?

A
  • Aggressive displays
  • Feeding posture
  • Arboreal feeding
  • Thermoregulation
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16
Q

What is the significance of the shift from life in trees to life on the ground?

A

Facilitated bipedalism and tool use

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17
Q

Who proposed the patchy forest hypothesis?

A

Peter Rodman and Henry McHenry

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18
Q

What does the provisioning/savanna hypothesis suggest?

A

Carrying things further and more energy efficient

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19
Q

What is the time range for Au. anamensis?

A

4.2 - 3.9 mya

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20
Q

Where were Au. anamensis fossils found?

A

Allia Bay, Kanapoi in Kenya, Asa Issie, Ethiopia

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21
Q

What is the time range for Au. afarensis?

A

3.6 - 3.0 mya

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22
Q

What is a famous specimen of Au. afarensis?

A

Lucy

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23
Q

Where was Au. africanus discovered?

A

Taung site, Sterkfontein in South Africa

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24
Q

What is the time range for Au. africanus?

A

2 - 3 mya

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25
What are the characteristics of Au. sediba?
Gracile, 2.0 - 1.5 mya, found in Malapa cave, South Africa
26
What distinguishes Au. robustus?
Robust, found in cave sites like Swartkrans and Kromdraai in South Africa
27
What is the time range for Au. aethiopicus?
2.5 mya
28
What is unique about Au. Boisei?
Later robust, found in Olduvai gorge, around Lake Turkana
29
Who were the archaeologists associated with Au. boisei?
Louis & Mary Leakey
30
What is significant about the Laetoli footprints?
Evidence of bipedalism in early hominins
31
What is the significance of the Taung child?
Early evidence of Au. africanus
32
What does the osteodontokeratic culture hypothesis suggest?
Early hominins used bones, teeth, & horns as tools & weapons
33
What is the role of Homo habilis in hominin evolution?
Known as the 'handy man', associated with early tool use
34
What type of tools are associated with Homo habilis?
Oldowan tools
35
What are the brain size characteristics of Homo habilis?
Smaller braincase (~510 - 600 cc)
36
What anatomical changes are seen in Homo erectus?
Larger brain size (~600 - 1,100 cc), modern body proportions
37
Where was the Java man (H. erectus) discovered?
Trinil Island of Java, Indonesia
38
What is the significance of the Nariokotome boy?
Evidence of H. erectus or H. ergaster
39
What does the Acheulean tool industry include?
* Axes * Cleavers
40
What is the theory of the expensive tissue hypothesis?
Larger body = more energy required, less gut, more brain
41
What is the implication of toothless ancient hominins?
Social support and caregiving behaviors
42
What is the brain size of Archaic Homo?
~ 1,300 cc ## Footnote This reflects an increase in brain size compared to earlier hominins.
43
List three skeletal characteristics of Archaic Homo.
* Reduced tooth size * Decreased skeletal robusticity * Similar massive brow ridges from H. erectus
44
What is the significance of Broken Hill man?
Also known as Rhodesian man, it represents a key fossil in understanding Archaic Homo.
45
What adaptations did Archaic Homo exhibit?
* Regional adaptations * Cold adaptations
46
What is the defining feature of Homo antecessor?
Considered the pioneer man, associated with Gran Dolina cave, Spain.
47
What was the brain size range for Homo antecessor?
~ 1,000 to 1,150 cc ## Footnote This indicates a smaller brain size compared to later hominins.
48
True or False: Homo heidelbergensis is known for advanced tool use.
True
49
What type of tools did Homo heidelbergensis use?
* Acheulean tools * Levallois tools
50
What notable site is associated with Homo heidelbergensis?
Schoeningen site, Lower Saxony, Germany
51
What features characterize Neandertals?
* Wide nasal aperture * Forward facial projection * Low cranial vaults * Enlarged cranial capacity
52
What is the significance of the Shanidar site?
Evidence of caring for the sick and intentional burial practices of Neandertals.
53
What features are associated with Neanderthal culture?
* Use of fire * Burial practices * Tool use * Evidence of cannibalism
54
What is the estimated interbreeding percentage between Neanderthals and modern humans?
1 to 4 % Neanderthal DNA
55
Fill in the blank: Modern humans have _______ incisors.
Shovel-shaped
56
What are the two waves of modern human migration out of Africa?
* Wave 1: H. erectus spread rapidly through Asia & Europe * Wave 2: Early H. sapiens assimilated with descendants of H. erectus
57
What is Homo floresiensis commonly referred to as?
Hobbits
58
What is the approximate height of Homo floresiensis?
3 ft tall
59
What is the significance of the term 'insular dwarf' in relation to Homo floresiensis?
It refers to the adaptation to limited resources and island isolation.
60
What is the brain size of Homo floresiensis?
380 cc
61
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution occurs over a short time and involves changes in color, shape, and behavior. Macroevolution occurs over a long time and involves large-scale changes, such as the formation of new species.
62
What type of evolution is characterized by changes in height?
Microevolution.
63
What is adaptive radiation?
The process by which organisms diversify rapidly into a wide variety of forms to adapt to different environments.
64
What are the two main types of dating techniques in evolution?
Relative dating and chronometric dating.
65
What does relative dating provide?
A sequence of events, but not an exact age.
66
What does chronometric dating provide?
A specific numerical age.
67
What materials are used in relative dating?
Layers and fossils.
68
What type of materials are used in chronometric dating?
Organic materials.
69
How specific is the time range for relative dating?
Broad and less specific.
70
How accurate is chronometric dating?
Highly accurate.
71
Give an example of relative dating techniques.
Stratigraphy, biostratigraphy.
72
Give an example of chronometric dating techniques.
Radiocarbon, K-Ar, uranium series.
73
What is the taxonomic order for primates?
ORDER primates.
74
What is the suborder of primates?
SUBORDER haplorhini.
75
What is the infraorder of primates?
INFRAORDER simiiformes.
76
What is the parvorder of simians?
PARVORDER catarrhini.
77
What is the superfamily that includes humans?
SUPERFAMILY Hominoidea.
78
What is the subfamily of hominins?
SUBFAMILY homininae.
79
What is the tribe that includes modern humans?
TRIBE hominini.
80
What is the genus of modern humans?
GENUS homo.
81
What species do modern humans belong to?
SPECIES homo sapiens.

2301 Anth (1 decks)

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