2.3.2 Theories of Crime- Behavioural

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

Classical conditioning in dogs.

Question 2

Classical conditioning in dogs

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

John Watson

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning in Humans (Little Albert)

Question 4

Classical Conditioning in Humans (Little Albert)

Answer 4

John Watson

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

when a CS is associated with an UCS it will elicit a CR which is similar to but weaker than the UCR.

Question 6

UCS

Answer 6

an event which automatically triggers a physiological response.

Question 7

UCR

Answer 7

A natural, unlearned, physiological response to a trigger.

Question 8

CS

Answer 8

a previously neutral event which, after association with the UCS triggers a physiological response.

Question 9

CR

Answer 9

the physiological response to the CS, it is weaker than the UCR.

Question 10

BF Skinner (learning type and animal?)

Answer 10

Operant conditioning of rats

Question 11

Operant conditioning of rats

Answer 11

BF Skinner

Question 12

BF Skinner did what?

Answer 12

Extended the work of Watson to complex behaviours and a non-reliance on association with an UCR.

Question 13

What are the 5 steps of Operant Conditioning?

Answer 13

1. Specifically Identify Goal
2. General reinforcement type
3. Specific reinforcement type
4. Most effective stimulus for individual
5. Schedual of Reinforcement

Question 14

What are the General reinforcement types? (OC)

Answer 14

Primary reinforcer of secondary reinforcer.

Question 15

A Primary reinforcer is

Answer 15

naturally reinforcing to an individual- air, water, food, shelter, sex.

Question 16

A secondary reinforcer is

Answer 16

only reinforcing to an individual through association with a primary reinforcer- money. More socially acceptable.

Question 17

2 specific reinforcement types

Answer 17

Punishment, positive reinforcement.

Question 18

Punishment

Answer 18

an unpleasant stimulus which, when applied after a response, decreases the likelihood of recurrence.

Question 19

Positive reinforcer

Answer 19

a pleasant stimulus which, when applied after a response increases the likelihood of recurrence.

Question 20

What are the 2 catagories of reinforcement scheduals?

Answer 20

Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement.

Question 21

Continuous reinforcement is when

Answer 21

reinforcement is administered following each and every correct response.

Question 22

Partial reinforcement is when

Answer 22

reinforcement is provided on an inverval (time) or ratio (number) schedual.

Question 23

Fixed interval

Answer 23

reinforcement is administered after a specific amount of time has elapsed following a correct response.

Question 24

Variable Interval

Answer 24

reinforcement is administered after a variable amount of time has elapsed following the correct response.

Question 25

Fixed Ratio

Answer 25

reinforcement is administered after a **specific number** of correct responses have occurred. (RAT)

Question 26

Variable Ratio

Answer 26

reinforcement is administered after a **varying number** of correct responses have occured.

Question 27

Behaviourists define the basis of personality as

Answer 27

one's behaviours which are formed through associations with reinforcement or punishment.

Question 28

Behaviourist: Cause of criminal behaviour

Answer 28

due to the strength of an association ebtween criminal action and reinforcement or punishment.

Question 29

Behaviourist: alterring the criminal personality

Answer 29

can be accomplished through application of the operant conditioning model.

Question 30

Social learning theory (kids with punching bags)

Answer 30

Albert Bandura

Question 31

Albert Bandura

Answer 31

Social learning theory (kids with punching bags)

Question 32

What did Bandura do?

Answer 32

Extended the work of Skinner by arguing that humans have higher cognitive capacity than other animals, so many "learn" through modelling and the use of non-direct reinforcers (threats and punishments)

Question 33

Modelling suggests that

Answer 33

the concept of operant conditioning can be applied in humans through "seeing" others who recieve direct reinforcement (punishment or reward)

Question 34

What did Bandura suggest about threats and punishments?

Answer 34

because humans have language, we can understand the connection between words and potential direct reinforcement (punishment or reward)

Question 35

5 steps for effective threats and promises.

Answer 35

1. Limited use 2. Specificity 3. Realism 4. History/ Reputation 5. Reciprocal impact (cost the person saying it)