2320 & 2420 Flashcards

Question

Define chronic

Answer 1

Gradual/prolonged onset, long-term duration, or repeated exposures.

Answer 2

A material that is liable to destroy or damage another material by chemical action.

Answer 3

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Used related for respirator selection. The airborne concentration that poses a threat of death or permanent adverse health effects upon exposure. Workers must have means of escape from environment in case of respirator failure. When levels greater than IDLH, highly reliable breathing apparatus required.

Answer 4

A material that may cause an allergic skin reaction after contact with skin.

Answer 5

A hazardous product that may cause reversible damage to the skin such as redness, itching, or swelling.

Answer 6

What are the hazards of the product? How are you protected from those hazards? What do you do in case of an emergency? Where can you get further hazard information?

Answer 7

Material hazards. Recommended controls (engineering, administrative, PPE). First aid and spill response recommendations. Additional: disposal information, contact information, manufacturer information.

Answer 8

Different symbols/pictograms MSDS are now SDS with new standard format There is a new classification system for controlled/hazardous products. There is a new grouping system for hazards.

Answer 9

``` Chrysotile (most common) Amosite Crocidolite Tremolite Actinolite Anthophyllite ``` Floor tiles, ceilings, brake pads, insulation, ship building.

Answer 10

Pneumoconiosis and cancer (mesothelioma, lung cancer, GI cancer).

Answer 11

Inventory of ACM Decision on fate of ACM (manage or remove/abate) Managing in place Removal/abatement

Answer 12

Asbestos is a commercial term that includes six regulated asbestiform silicate minerals (silicon + oxygen).

Answer 13

1% per course (0.5% per OHS reg).

Answer 14

Silicosis Asbestosis Other

Answer 15

``` Determine: What kinds of ACM are present Where? Quantity? Condition of the ACM. ```

Answer 16

When ACM risk is high and easily accessible to workers or the public. Examples commonly include fire insulation because it was extremely friable. When ACM has a moderate or high risk and enclosure or encapsulation is not feasible. When the perceived risk of ACM is unacceptable and abatement will address worker or public concerns.

Answer 17

Serpentine minerals - Chrysotile are known as white asbestos. It is the most commonly used asbestos (~90% of world use). Wavey/curly fibers.

Answer 18

The other 5 asbestos fibers Amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite, anthophyllite. Straight, rod-like fibers.

Answer 19

Chrysotile (white asbestos) Amosite (brown/grey asbestos) Crocidolite (blue asbestos)

Answer 20

Bulk sampling. - Safe collection technique/sealing - Sent to lab (1-10g) - polarized microscopy

Answer 21

``` Form of ACM Type of asbestos fibers Percentage of asbestos in material Friability of ACM Amount and location of the ACM ``` This all determines whether it is low/medium/high risk.

Answer 22

Lead-acid batteries, automotive repair Lead solder - Jewlers or electricians soldering Lead containing ore - foundry/refinery workers Firearm ammunition - Police, shooting ranges Lead paint, panels, tiles, piping - Demolition/renovation/lead abatement workers

Answer 23

Inhalation and ingestion. Breathing dust or fumes Lead contaminated food/drink Nail biting with lead on hands and other habits of putting objects in mouth Organic lead can be absorbed through the skin (some pesticides)

Answer 24

The health effects from lead are the same regardless of the source or route of exposure. Early lead toxicity symptoms are non-specific and can be difficult to recognize. Acute toxicity can cause lethargy, headache, hyporexia, metallic taste. Chronic toxicity can cause abdominal pain, constipation, muscle/joint pain, memory problems. Lead toxicity can cause neuropathy, GI Dz, renal Dz, reproductive Dz. Also carcinogenic.

Answer 25

1, Identification of sources of inorganic lead in the workplace. 2, Observation of work activities to determine which practices expose workers to lead inhalation or ingestion. 3, Hierarchy of controls. Where exposure cannot be eliminated, air monitoring and surface sampling necessary to determine exposure levels. 4, Health monitoring, often including blood sampling, should be implemented where practicable.

Answer 26

inorganic or elemental lead is just lead. Organic lead is a combination of lead and carbon.

Answer 27

Lead-acid batteries Lead-paint on roads Lead-containing weapons/ammunition Decorative glass Protective coating on underwater cables

Answer 28

Vapours are gaseous. Solids heated turn to liquid and then gas. A gas rising from a heated liquid is a vapour. Fumes are small solid particles suspected in the air. Smoke is a fume. When lead is heated, it melts, some lead may be vapourized and turn into a gas. In the air, the lead vapour cools and forms particles in the air - now a fume.

Answer 29

Asbestos and lead.

Answer 30

Fine dust and fumes.

Answer 31

- Exposure control plan requirements - Air monitoring requirements - Highly prescriptive methods of removal - Removal risk classification levels - Notice of project requirements

Answer 32

``` Chemical strippers Manual scraping Heat guns Water jet blasting Dry ice blasting Specific dry abrasive blasting Wet abrasive blasting ```

Answer 33

A gas that meets criteria in Canadian federal HPR (Hazardous Product Regulation). Category 1, 2, or 3 for acute toxicity and is used in one of the following: 1, Part of an industrial process 2, Refrigeration 3, Material treatments (such as disinfection systems) Specifically: Anhydrous ammonia, chlorine gas, and sulfur dioxide.

Answer 34

Important: "PSM is an analytical tool used to prevent the release of substances defined as highly hazardous chemicals" It is the formal process of assessing and controlling OHS issues created by process lines. (Developed by OSHA) Typical examples would include large scale industrial processes where each individual component has a direct impact upon the other components. This can lead to hazards when there is a change to any 1 component of the overall process.

Answer 35

``` Process Safety Information Process Hazard Analysis Operating Procedures Training Contractors Mechanical Integrity Hot Work Management of Change Incident Investigation Compliance Audits Pre-startup safety review Emergency planning and response Trade secrets Employee participation ```

Answer 36

Refrigeration Fertilizer Component in industrial production.

Answer 37

Irritation of nose and throat. Coughing, shortness of breath, tightness of chest. Burns to the eyes, nose, throat (anywhere with moisture). Pulmonary edema.

Answer 38

Hazardous Product Regulation Federal legislation that is related to WHMIS and toxic process gas. This regulation is referenced for definitions in BC OHS Regulation.

Answer 39

A display of the relationship between major equipment/processes. A simple diagram that depicts processes and how they are related in a larger design. It does not provide details of how each process functions or specifically how different components are connected (rather it shows that they are and in what direction). Commonly used in chemical and process engineering.

Answer 40

A P&ID is a diagram that shows specifically how different components in an industrial process are connected and controlled. There are standards symbols for these schematics.

Answer 41

NH3. A gas at room temperature, often stored under pressure as a liquid. Anhydrous = without water (no water added) Aqueous ammonia is ammonia with water (such as household ammonia cleaner). Risks associated with aqueous ammonia are relatively low.

Answer 42

Ammonia refrigeration systems are a concern because they contain large quantities of anhydrous ammonia, they are typically in large urban areas, and they are complex mechanical systems with potential for failure. WorkSafeBC has a combination of performance-based and prescriptive regulations for all toxic process gases Technical Safety BC has detailed prescriptive regulations for boilers, pressure vessels, and refrigeration systems. These include: - Mandatory standards of equipment design - Mandatory standards of equipment installation - Qualified operators and maintenance staff

Answer 43

Disinfectant (swimming pool, water treatment plant, sewage treatment, community water supplies) Also used in some manufacturing: Pulp/paper industry, pool chemical products, cleaning products, mining processes, bleach manufacturing, plastics manufacturing.

Answer 44

- Nose/throat irritation - Pulmonary edema - Coughing, shortness of breath, dyspnea - Onset of chronic asthma - Corrosive burns (skin/eyes) - Cold injuries with liquid contact

Answer 45

Large pressurized containers on rail cars or tank trailers. | Alt - large volume pressure cylinders.

Answer 46

OHS and public safety regulators have regulations that require/enforce: ``` Design standards for equipment Design standards for facilities Qualification for workers Safe work procedures for work and emergency response Exposure control plans ```

Answer 47

Chlorine, Cl is a diatomic molecule. Meaning that there are two atoms in one molecule: Cl2. It is a gas at room temperature, and often stored under pressure to store in liquid form (anhydrous chlorine). Sodium hypochlorite is a solid powder that can be dissolved into water to make bleach. Some chlorine gas is released from sodium hypochlorite/bleach in quantities that are generally considered to be safe.

Answer 48

The ERG is a reference guide that categorizes hazardous materials and gives important information on each category. The information provided for each category is reliable and useful for the development of safe work and emergency procedures.

Answer 49

There are several good certification/training programs in Canada. These programs are not required by any prescriptive legislation. Legislation does require that workers be "qualified" and so due diligence requires that these programs of an equivalent be used.

Answer 50

Odor. Irritation - eyes, nose, mouth, throat, lung. Loss of appetite. Loss of smell Headache, dizziness, ataxia, collapse. Respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia, death.

Answer 51

1, organic material 2, anaerobic conditions 3, sulphate-reducing bacteria = H2S

Answer 52

H2S is covered by broad hazardous material OHS laws, and a few specific H2S regulations in known high-risk industrial activities (oil & gas). National and provincial energy board regulators, in their activities to protect public safety, indirectly improve worker safety. Note: - BC Oil and Gas Commission - Canada Energy Regulator

Answer 53

H2S Usually a gas (unless under high pressure or extreme cold) Highly toxic In tiny amounts, has a rotten egg/sulphur smell H2S is typically a by-product of other processes H2S is created by anaerobic decomposition of organic material Rapidly dissolves in water (or mucus membranes) to produce sulphuric acid.

Answer 54

Natural gas mixed with H2S. | The natural gas industry processes sour gas to remove H2S.

Answer 55

The ceiling limit for hydrogen sulphide is 10 parts per million. C 10 ppm No worker, at any time, for any duration, may be exposed to more than 10 ppm.

Answer 56

The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health limit for hydrogen sulphide is ~100 ppm

Answer 57

Inhalation: Airway irritation, pulmonary edema, headache, respiratory paralysis, unconsciousness, death. Long term effects may cause asthma, RADS (reactive airway dysfunction syndrome), nervous system dysfunction. Skin contact: Cold effects from liquid form. Eye contact: Irritant. Cold effects from liquid form. Not known to be carcinogenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, reproductive toxin, mutagenic.

Answer 58

1-10-100-1000ppm ``` 1= Smell 10= Irritation (Regulatory limit) 100= Severe nose/throat/lung irritation, loss of appetite (severe enough to prevent self-rescue) 1000= Respiratory paralysis, arrhythmia, death ``` (around 150ppm, sense of smell stops working)

Answer 59

Gas plants, refinaries, petro-chemical plants, sulphur recovery plants. Underground mines Tank cars (railway), tank trucks (road) Commercial laboratories Septic tanks, sewers, manure handling areas Pulp & paper mills Pipelines

Answer 60

LEL = Lower Explosive Limit The lowest concentration (%) of a gas or vapour in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Sometimes called the Lower Flammable Limit.

Answer 61

1% = 10,000 ppm

Answer 62

UEL = Upper Explosive Limit The concentration (%) above which a gas will not burn.

Answer 63

The flammable range, is the range between the LEL and the UEL. H2S has a range of 4 - 44. (4% to 44%)

Answer 64

The only H2S-specific regulations are under part 23, Oil and Gas.

Answer 65

The only H2S-specific regulations are under part 23, Oil and Gas.

Answer 66

While there are not specific H2S sections/requirements, the general requirements for chemical hazards and confined space hazards provide sufficient regulation that would include H2S hazards.

Answer 67

- Design standards for equipment used in processes. - Design standards for process facilities. - Mandatory or highly recommended qualifications for workers who operate processes. - Requirement for safe work procedures for normal work and emergency response. - Exposure control plans.

Answer 68

There are uncertainties about the presence and quantity of H2S in a given situation. Emergency scenario's involving release and exposure of H2S can be sudden and with severe consequences.

Answer 69

1, Read the regulations and the 'nearly law' best practices carefully/completely. 2, Read the guidance documents from OHS and energy board regulators carefully/completely.

Answer 70

5. The ACGIH recommends no more than 5 short term exposures to H2S in a day. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Answer 71

1, General OHS regulations for hazardous materials. 2, Specific OHS regulations for activities where H2S is a known hazard. 3, Public safety laws, such as those administered by energy boards.

Answer 72

At high levels, H2S dissolves into the blood and paralyses the olfactory part of the brain, eliminating the sense of smell. Workers may be unaware of the high levels.

Answer 73

The oil and gas production supply chain is divided into three areas: upstream, midstream, downstream. Upstream - identification, extraction, and production of raw materials Downstream - Post production of crude oil and natural gas Midstream - Connects up/down stream. Transportation & storage.

Answer 74

A 1 day course offered by ENFORM for people entering the oil/gas industry. Covers H2S safety. It is nearly impossible to work in upstream oil and gas without this course.

Answer 75

The Canada Energy Regulator Alberta Energy Regulator BC Oil and Gas Commission All three enforce laws to protect the public, which also result in worker protection.

Answer 76

Chemical agents and biological agents.

Answer 77

Substance specific requirements.

Answer 78

Federal, transport Canada.

Answer 79

Provincial. CVSE in BC Commercial vehicle safety and enforcement

Answer 80

Federal, labor Canada.

Answer 81

Provincial, WorkSafeBC

Answer 82

Provincial, ministry responsible for environment.

Answer 83

Workplace hazardous material information systems

Answer 84

Required at every workplace in Canada A system to provide information to workers about hazardous materials they work with/around Requires that workers using hazardous materials (hazardous products in legislation, previously controlled products) be educated and trained Requires workers to be educated on the WHMIS elements (labels, SDS) Requires that workers are trained in the safe use of hazardous materials and appropriate PPE. Requires that workers be trained to respond to accidents and spills involving hazardous materials.

Answer 85

* Swimming pool water treatment * Drinking water disinfection (bottled water) * To prevent food from spoiling (example ozonated ice) Other Uses: - Waste water treatment - Cooling tower water treatment - Treatment of storage water, fishing industry - Purifying feed water in fish farming - Disinfection (abattoirs, aquariums, hospitals) - Pulp bleaching - Medical treatments - Perfume manufacturing - Odour and smoke control - Air purifiers

Answer 86

Acute Minor irritation of eyes & URT (low due to low water solubility) Irritation of LRT (often described as a dull chest pain) Headache Pulmonary edema with higher concentrations Chronic (either chronic low exposure, or chronic symptoms after a high exposure) Reduced lung function, possible premature aging of body. No evidence of carcinogenicity, or fetal-toxicity.

Answer 87

There are fewer nerves in the lower respiratory tract than in the upper. Irritation of the LRT often feels more like a dull ache/pain than the true irritation of the URT. Ozone is more of a LRT irritant than URT. As such workers may be less aware of symptoms if they are exposed.

Answer 88

Both gasses, and toxic process gasses. Both cause severe respiratory damage and can be fatal. Both oxidizing agents, and can be used for disinfection. Both can be used for disinfection of things like drinking water, in which case large quantities used. Both have similar regulations and require similar control systems.

Answer 89

The most common system to use ozone: - Water content of air decreased in an air dryer. - Dry air moved into ozone generator (most commonly corona discharge). O2 breaks down and some O3 formed - Compressor moves O3 through an injector into contact tank - O3 meets water in contact tank, disinfection process - Excess O3 released from contact tank into ozone destructor, where it is catalysed into O2 - Water from contact tank passed through de-ozoning filters and ready for use.

Answer 90

O3. A gas under normal circumstances, heavier than air. Extreme pressure/cold required to liquify (not normally done) Toxic process gas. It is part of the smell after lightening. Electricity can separate O2 molecules, allowing them to reform as O3. Stratospheric ozone is the earth's ozone layer. (good) Ground ozone is an industrial pollutant which can cause environmental damage. (bad) Ozone used in the workplace is good and bad. It has practical (good) uses, and can be harmful in excess or when not controlled (bad).

Answer 91

Chlorine is almost never made on-site. It must be transported and stored. Ozone can be made on-site and is not stored in large quantities. Chlorine is more water soluble than ozone. This makes it more of an upper respiratory tract irritant than ozone.

Answer 92

Gas at normal temperature/pressure Heavier than air Pungent odour Excellent disinfectant Blue in pure form Invisible when in air Highly reactive

Answer 93

Health hazard Oxidizer Environmental Harm Exclamation Mark (irritant & toxic)

Answer 94

Used before other disinfection methods in system. Greater effectiveness than other methods. No residue in water. Ineffective against algae at standard concentrations.

Answer 95

Used as last disinfection method in system. Used in many forms as a disinfectant. Leaves residue in water. Effective against algae.

Answer 96

A small amount of ozone is produced, and is typically used to disinfect small quantities of water.

Answer 97

A high voltage of electricity is passed through a point, resulting in the electrical potential breaking down the molecules surrounding the point. Bluish light produced (the corona), and ozone formed. Dried air is typically used to reduce unwanted products of reaction.

Answer 98

A device or oven that used a catalytic process to convert ozone gas into harmless oxygen. This permits for safe venting into the environment.

Answer 99

Filters that will remove excess ozone in the ambient air or prior to entering target water source.

Answer 100

A container where ozone is allowed to contact water.

Answer 101

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Answer 102

Time-Weighted Average. The term is used to describe the exposure limit (ppm) for workers assuming an 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week.

Answer 103

Occupational Exposure Limit.

Answer 104

TWA for heavy work is 0.05 ppm. TWA for moderate work is 0.08 ppm. TWA for light work is 0.1 ppm. There are usually no prescriptive ceiling limits or 15 min exposure limits for ozone.

Answer 105

Typically 5 ppm.

Answer 106

`Ozone exposure is typically considered to be through inhalation. Absorption is generally not an issue. Ozone is not very water soluble, and direct contact would require high levels of exposure over time to break down the surface layers of the skin enough to cause any significant harm. Ingestion is not likely due to the nature of the gas and it's insolubility.

Answer 107

The effects are dependant upon breathing rate/volume. As such effects under heavy work conditions are worse than light work conditions. 0.01 ppm - Odour threshold 0.1 ppm - Minor eye, nose, throat irritation 0.2 ppm - headache, dry cough 0.6 ppm - chest pain (dull) 1 ppm - Lung irritation, coughing, severe fatigue 5-10 ppm - IDLH

Answer 108

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (American)

Answer 109

``` LEL = Lower Explosive Limit UEL = Upper Explosive Limit ``` Ozone has neither, it is not flammable. It is however oxidizing, and so there is a fire risk.

Answer 110

Ozone is not likely to cause a public health hazard, so public health laws are not a concern as they are for chlorine or ammonia. Ozone is covered under general hazardous material regulations, and toxic process gas regulations. There are no ozone-specific laws in Canadian OHS legislation.

Answer 111

- Design standards for equipment - Design standards for facilities - Training/qualifications for workers - Written safe work procedures and emergency procedures - Exposure control plans - Use of supplier manuals for equipment

Answer 112

The Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists.

Answer 113

- Ozone monitors (working room and vent post ozone destroyer) - Interlock system between monitors/generator/destruct unit - Ventilation systems in generator and filler rooms

Answer 114

SiO2 Silicon dioxide, a chemical compound. One of the most commonly occurring minerals on earth. Usually a major component of sand. Quartz is silica.

Answer 115

Si Silicon A chemical element. Hard, brittle, crystalline solid. 8th most common element in the universe, and is rarely found in pure form in the earths crust.

Answer 116

Any anion of silicon and oxygen. Often used to denote types of rock that a predominantly composed of silicon oxides. Silicates constitute the majority of the earths crust. (eg, sand)

Answer 117

Crystalline silica is always more toxic than amorphous silica.

Answer 118

Any compound of silicon dioxide that has a regular structure.

Answer 119

Any compound of silicon dioxide that has an irregular structure.

Answer 120

Trade contractors (construction) Building construction Heavy and civil engineering construction Metal ore mining Cement and concrete product manufacturing

Answer 121

Silicones are polymers including any inert compound of repeating siloxane units. Siloxane units are chains of alternating Si and O atoms. Si-O-Si-O-Si

Answer 122

A siloxane is a compound including alternating chains of silicon and oxygen atoms. Eg, Si-O-Si-O-Si

Answer 123

Both are solids, and so there are atoms fixed in position with each other that vibrate. Crystalline solids form repeating patterns, where the patterns of connected atoms all look the same (crystals, metals, salts). Amorphous solids form irregular patterns, where the sections of atoms each look differently. (glass, wax)

Answer 124

Both of these processes involve working with silica. Silica sand is a crystalline silica, whereas glass is an amorphous silica. The crystalline silica is more toxic than the amorphous form, as such the risks for the silica sand processing are higher than the making of glass.

Answer 125

Diatomaceous earth is a siliceous sedimentary rock consisting of fossilized diatoms. It is an amorphous silica in it's natural state which is not very toxic. It can be exposed to high heats to change it into a crystalline silica called "calcined diatomaceous earth". This is more toxic and is often used as a ine filtration medium (example, in pool filters).

Answer 126

These terms all refer to the size of molecule where they can enter into the respiratory tract and cause illness. Total, means the maximum size where the particle will cause illness (typically 100 microns and smaller) Inhalable means the particles are small enough that they will pass the upper respiratory tract and enter the middle respiratory tract. Respirable means the particles are small enough to pass to the lower respiratory tract and alveoli. (typically under 5-10 microns)

Answer 127

Harmful to health. No others.

Answer 128

The form of the silica (amorphous vs crystalline) The silica particle size (are the particles small enough to get into lungs) The dose, concentration x time (how much exposure) Individual susceptibility

Answer 129

A recognized occupational disease cause by exposure to silica dust.

Answer 130

Crystalline silica dust particles small enough to be respirated can cause: - silicosis - lung cancer - COPD & pulmonary emphysema Three forms of silicosis: 1, Acute silicosis (v.high concentrations, symptoms within a few weeks up to 5 years) 2, Accelerated silicosis (high concentrations, symptoms in 5-10 years post exposure 3, Chronic silicosis (low concentrations, symptoms after 10 years)

Answer 131

Pneumo (relating to the lungs) Coniosis (dust) "black lung", "miner's lung", "dusty lung", "brown lung" Silicosis and asbestosis are both types of pneumoconiosis. An interstitial lung disease where dust particles cause fibrosis in alveoli.

Answer 132

The International Agency for Research on Cancer

Answer 133

Crystalline silica is a known carcinogen. Crystalline silica is an IARC group 1 carcinogen (known human carcinogen)

Answer 134

``` Rock and sand Topsoil and fill Concrete, cement, and mortar Masonry, brick, and tile Granite, sandstone, and slate Asphalt (containing rock and stone) Fibrous-cement board containing silica ```

Answer 135

``` Abrasive blasting Jackhammering Cutting brick/tile Grinding concrete Road construction Hauling gravel Concrete demolition Sweeping concrete dust ```

Answer 136

- No public safety legislation (as with toxic process gasses) - General OHS legislation for hazardous material - Specific legislation in BC OHS Regulation (Part 6) - includes prescriptive legislation.

Answer 137

Risk = Hazard + Outrage If workers are aware of a hazard, and not educated properly, then they will become outraged about it. Risk of worker relations issues.

Answer 138

Food Water Oxygen Correct temperature

Answer 139

A type of fungus. -multicellular filaments (hyphae) [versus single-cell yeasts] There are many species. It aids in decomposition of organic material. Mold can grow on dead organic matter everywhere in nature, but are only typically visible when forming large colonies. Some mold can remain alive/dormant when conditions are extreme or not conducive to growth.

Answer 140

Spores are produced, which may be sexual or asexual). Some spores are hydrophobic, making them proficient at wind dispersal over long periods/distances.

Answer 141

*Cladosporium (the black mold usually found around windows/bathrooms) Aspergillus Stachybotrys (controversial toxic black mold - debated & rare in Canada) Penicillium Trichophyton (athlete foot, ringworm, jock itch)

Answer 142

Exposure to partial or whole fungal hyphae Exposure to mold spores Exposure to mold by-products (mycotoxins or MVOCs) {MVOC, Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds}

Answer 143

Microbial Volatile Organic Compound. Produced as part of metabolism and usually responsible for musty smell. Can be a respiratory irritant, but usually little more than an annoyance.

Answer 144

Most people have no reaction to mold exposure. The most common health effects of mold exposure are allergic or irritant reactions. Flu-like sympoms, asthma-like reactions, and skin rashes may occur. Symptoms often resolve with removal of mold. Fungal infections are possible, usually in immuno-compromised individuals. Sometimes mold is incorrectly identified as a cause of disease.

Answer 145

``` Acute: Fatigue Headache Eye/nose/throat irritation Cough Asthma aggrevation ``` ``` Chronic: Joint pain Morning stiffness Poor memory and difficult speech Tingling/numbness of skin ```

Answer 146

There are no OEL, therefore no overexposure. OHS claims for respiratory inflammation due to exposure to fumes/vapours/mists/gasses/dusts/irritating substances that occur within 48-72hrs can be approved. There are some known allertic alveolitis diseases with specific repeated exposures. (mushroom workers)

Answer 147

No. Very non-specific, and very performance-based.

Answer 148

Primary investigation method is to think about likely locations and visually inspect. Secondary method, usually not recommended, is air sampling. Context important. Mold in air is considered normal. Source would still need to be found visually.

Answer 149

Wet Vacuum & steam cleaning Damp-wipe Surfaces -wiping surfaces with water +/- detergent. Scrubbing PRN. HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) Vacuum -after fully drying Discard -dispose of materials in sealed plastic bags, regular garbage.

Answer 150

Cladosporidium and Penicillium. Nutrient recycling by decay of organic material. Lots of leaves and organic material to break down, therefore lots of these molds.

Answer 151

Multi-celled filaments that make up a mold colony. | When disturbed, hyphae can break and become airborne particulates, which can be allergenic.

Answer 152

Toxic chemicals produced by fungi. They increase risks to workers.

Answer 153

1, Visual - look at likely problem areas first. Identify locations and note colony size. 2, Air sampling. Count spores and identify species. - does not identify source - No OEL, therefore hard to compare results - Snapshot in time, counts often fluctuate over time

Answer 154

Clean/dirty water? Time since water exposure? (48hrs) What are the materials/chemicals involved? Size of mold colony & area affected.

Answer 155

All CSA Z94.1 headwear is: - resistant to blunt-force impact - resistant to penetration by pointed objects - avoid degradation in heat & bright light - passively retained on the head - must identify electrical performance class inside shell Class C = conductive Class G = general use (resistance of 2,200 V) Class E = electrical trades (resistance of 20,000 V)

Answer 156

``` 1, Spectacles 2, Goggles 3, Welding helmets 4, Welding hand shields 5, Non-rigid hoods 6, Face shields 7, Respirator facepieces ```

Answer 157

CSA Grade 1 protective footwear provides maximum toe impact protection, with sole penetration protection. Grade 2 provides toe impact protection (lower level protection than grade 1) and sole penetration protection (equal protection to grade 1)

Answer 158

1, Determine the nature of the work/hazards. (directing traffic under 30kph) 2, Review regulation/standard to determine minimum requirement Type 1, 2, 3? 3, Consult workers/supervisors to determine most appropriate style (if multiple types acceptable, which is preferred?), (which colour better, orange vs lime green?), (what about differing weather conditions?) 4, Work with suppliers to source garments that comply with regulations and meet workers needs

Answer 159

Based on sound attenuation, HPDs are placed into three classes, A, B, and C. A, attenuates 10dB at 125Hz, up to 33 dB at 8000Hz. 31dB at 1000Hz. B, attenuates 5dB at 125Hz, up to 23dB at 8000Hz. 21dB at 1000Hz. C, is not required to attenuate sound until 1000Hz, at which time it must attenuate 11dB, up to 13dB at 8000Hz. **there are two special extra classes, AL and BL. These are used for devices that qualify as category A or B AND provide at least 20dB attenuation at 125Hz (low frequency protection)

Answer 160

Bigger is not better. Too much protection interferes with work and reduces compliance. Too little protection, fails to protect. 1, perform noise exposure monitoring to determine hazard. 2, Use standard to select appropriate class/grade of protection. 3, Identify suitable options based on work and workplace (temperature, activities) 4, consult with JOHSC/workers/supervisors for input/preference.

Answer 161

The appropriate PPE needs to be identified for the hazards of the work. PPE can interfere with work and comfort. Use when not needed may reduce compliance. Workers need to know how PPE protects them, and what the limits are. Otherwise they may think they have more protection than they do. PPE must be maintained, cared for and replaced to ensure it is functioning properly. If workers and supervisors are not educated/trained in appropriate selection and use of PPE, then they will not choose to use the appropriate PPE.

Answer 162

1, PPE decisions are made by the purchasing department, primarily based on cost. 2, Workers are routinely asked to wear PPE, although risk assessment shows that it is not necessary. 3, Workers have little knowledge about their PPE limitations when asked. 4, There is little evidence of a program for PPE upkeep and maintenance. 5, Managers and supervisors are unaware that there are critical choices to be made in the selection of basic PPE (headgear, footwear)

Answer 163

1, Workers may be required to provide PPE against natural elements 2, All other PPE must be provided by the employer, at the employer's cost. 3, Employers must be knowledgeable about hazards and the range of PPE available. PPE selection must be chosen based on this information. 4, Most PPE must meet CSA standards, or another acceptable standard. 5, Employers require a program for maintenance/repair/replacement of PPE. 6, Employers must educate workers about limitations of PPE. 7, A written PPE program should be developed for all PPE. It is required for certain types of PPE.

Answer 164

CSA Z94.1 - Industrial Protective Headgear CSA Z94.2 - Hearing Protection Devices, performance, selection, care, and use CSA Z94.3 - Industrial eye and face protectors CSA Z94.4 - Selection, use, and care of respirators CSA Z195 - Protective footwear CSA Z195.1 - Selection, care, and use of protective footwear

Answer 165

``` 1, Flying objects 2, Flying particles/dust 3, Molten material and sparks 4, Chemical splash 5, Abrasive blasting material 6, Glare and stray visible light 7, Optical radiation (UV, light, infrared) - moderate reduction 8, Optical radiation - large reduction ```

Answer 166

``` 1, Toe impact 2, Sole penetration 3, Metatarsal impact 4, Electrical shock 5, Electrical charge build-up 6, Chainsaw cut ``` *footwear will protect against two or more, but never all of the 6 hazards*

Answer 167

``` 1, Toe impact 2, Sole penetration 3, Metatarsal impact 4, Electrical shock 5, Electrical charge build-up 6, Chainsaw cut ``` *footwear will protect against two or more, but never all of the 6 hazards*

Answer 168

The footwear must have a sewn on label depicting designated markings that indicate the specific protections. The same information must be printed on the inside of the shoes/boots.

Answer 169

The price may indicate additional features, comfort, or durability. It does not indicate that the equipment is more or less protective than a cheaper alternative with the same safety rating.

Answer 170

Not necessarily. Protective equipment should be worn when indicated by hazard assessments and risk evaluations. When PPE is worn, it should be worn for a reason and the worker should understand what that reason is and what the limits of the protection are.

Answer 171

Provincial OHS regulations usually reference known standards, such as CSA standards. Sometimes regulators will develop their own standards instead of or in the absence of pre-existing standards. BC OHSR Part 8, Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment also, work activity specific legislation (such as BC OHSR part 18, traffic control - section 18.9 & 18.10)

Answer 172

Type 1, vest/shirt/similar Type 2, jacket/coat/coveralls/similar Type 3, harness/harness affixed to another garment (such as a harness stitched to a vest)

Answer 173

All Canadian OHS regulations have similar provisions for Hearing Protection Devices. HPDs may only be used when all reasonable engineering and administrative controls have been implemented and noise levels remain above exposure limits. A professional process must be used to select HPD that are appropriate for the amount and type of noise present. BC OHS Regulation, Part 7

Answer 174

Earplugs - foam/rolldown - pre-moulded - formable - custom moulded - semi-insert/canal cap (superaural) Earmuffs - headband - hardhat attached Helmets (such as for pilots)

Answer 175

``` The class of a HPD is based on the dB attenuated, based on the sound frequency in Hz. A being the highest protection, C the lowest. ``` The grade of a HPD is based on the attenuation achieved with 84% of workers (evaluating fit). Grade 0 is the lowest, and grade 4 is the highest protection.

Answer 176

If 84% of workers, when fitted with the device achieve ≤9dB sound reduction outside, then they device is grade 0. If 84% of workers, when fitted achieve ≥22dB sound reduction, then the device is grade 4. Grade 1 is 10-13 Grade 2 is 14-17 Grade 3 is 18-21

Answer 177

Noise Reduction Rating, in dB.

Answer 178

Sound below 70dB may be too low. If overprotection reduces sound to this level, then it may interfere with work. Ideally, sound levels should be 75-80dB. Sound greater than 85dB carries an increasing risk of hearing loss.

Answer 179

The rate at which a chemical passes through a glove or clothing material.

Answer 180

The elapsed time between contact with a chemical on the outside of a glove/garment and the time that the chemical is first detected on the inside. Example, acetone has a fast breakthrough time with nitrile gloves, but a slow breakthrough time with butyl rubber gloves.

Answer 181

The best information is found on the SDS sheet. | There are also a variety of published guides that can supplement the SDS.

Answer 182

1, Natural rubber (latex) 2, Synthetic rubber (butyl, neoprene, nitrile, viron) 3, Synthetic polymers (Tyvek, Silvershield, CPF) 4, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 5, Other materials (Polyvinyl chloride, PVC)

Answer 183

Chemical hazards Biological hazards Physical hazards (temperature, vibration) Mechanical hazards

Answer 184

Typically gloves/clothing to protect against biological agents are used in medical workplaces. As such, there is a need to protect against bodily fluid exposure and cuts/punctures. There is a need to allow for manipulation of fine instruments. Natural latex used to be the material of choice, but it is now synthetic nitrile rubber due to people with allergies. Vinyl is popular as an inexpensive option, although the properties lead to a poorer fit.

Answer 185

Vibration can cause HAVS (Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome). Many gloves marketed as anti-vibration do not do what they claim, and some increase risks. There are standards for anti-vibration gloves, but they are not referred to in any North American legislation (they are in areas of Europe).

Answer 186

Leather, heavy cotton, and mixtures of both are most commonly used to protect against cuts and abrasions. The standard 'work glove'. Stainless steel can be incorporated into gloves to protect more against cuts, particularly with metal work, meet cutting, and other higher risk activities. Kevlar has become an alternative/popular inexpensive material that protects against cuts and puncture without absorbing a lot of water. Protective gloves may have grips added, such as dots/strips of neoprene to improve grip. Especially with Kevlar gloves because the material is slippery.

Answer 187

Commonly called chaps, or chainsaw pants. There is no Canada-wide standard for leg protective devices. BC has it's own standard in part 8 of the OHSR, which some other regulators recognize. Chaps often work by containing loosely woven fibers behind a barrier that, when broken, rapidly bind the teeth of a chainsaw while also forming a barrier between the chain and the leg.

Answer 188

Chemical agents Biological agents Ionizing radiation attached to particulate material Oxygen deficiency

Answer 189

An Air Purifying Respirator uses a filter or cartridge to clean air before it is breathed in.

Answer 190

APR, non-powered - half-face - --filtering facepiece (mask is filter) - --elastomeric (uses filters/cartridges) - full-face - --always elastomeric APR, powered (PAPR) - half-face elastomeric - full-face elastomeric - hood - helmet - loose-fitting facepiece Air-supplying respirators - Supplied-air (airline) - Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) - Combination, supplied with auxiliary self-contained supply Escape Respirators (may be APR or ASR)

Answer 191

Filters a made of a fibrous material that traps particles as you breathe. This mechanically filters the air. Cartridges contain sorbent materials, chemicals, or both. Sorbent materials (activated charcoal) bind to contaminants to remove them from the air. Chemicals react with specific air contaminants to alter their composition. Some respirators can be fitted with multiple cartridges for multiple functions.

Answer 192

National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (US agency)

Answer 193

All respirators must be NIOSH approved and unmodified unless they have been specifically approved by WorkSafeBC use. WorkSafeBC does not accept single-strap "dust masks". They must all have two or more straps for secure fit.

Answer 194

NIOSH filter types: ``` N = not oil resistant R = oil resistant (OK for 1 shift with oil) P = oil-proof (OK for more than 1 shift with oil) ``` ``` Efficiency: 95 = 95% 99 = 99% 100 = 99.97% (aka HEPA) High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter ```

Answer 195

Asbestos Lead Hantavirus Cadmium

Answer 196

The ceiling limit is the absolute maximum concentration (ppm) of a substance that a worker may be exposed to. The TWA, Time-Weighted Average, is the maximum average concentration that a worker may be exposed to over an 8-hour period.

Answer 197

When there are high levels of contaminant. When contaminants are highly toxic. When the contaminant has poor warning qualities and end-of-life cartridge indicators for APR are unavailable. When cartridges/filters are unable to effectively remove the contaminant (nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide)

Answer 198

aka APF, Assigned Protection Factor NIOSH and ANSI perform standard tests to measure the ability of a respirator to reduce contaminants. The PF (protection factor) is the ratio between contaminant in exposure air and purified air. If contaminant is 100ppm, and purified is 10ppm, then the ratio is 100:10, 10:1. PF =10. If contaminant is 1000ppm, and purified is 10ppm, then the ratio is 1000:10, 100:1. PF =100. If contaminant is 50,000ppm, and purified is 100ppm, then the ratio is 50,000:100, 500:1. PF =500.

Answer 199

Air purifying | Air supplying

Answer 200

Airline SCBA

Answer 201

Respirators are often highly regulated in provincial OHS regulations. Part 8, BC OHSR. Respirators must meet published standards, also selection of respirators and it testing must also meet published standards. There are no Canadian agencies that approve respirators, and NIOSH is usually used.

Answer 202

1, Hazard identification 2, Check hazard concentration 3, Compare hazards/concentrations with exposure limits 4, Check IDLH concentration 5, Check hazard properties and select possible respirator types (eye irritant? skin irritant?) [use SDS to help] 6, Check APF (assigned protection factors) 7, Compare APF needed, to APF of identified respirators 8, Compare MUC (maximum use concentration) to the contaminant concentration. 9, Identify the general class of respirator required (ASR vs APR) 10, What is the state of the contaminant? (gas/vapour, particulate, both) 11, What are the warning properties of the contaminant? (smell, etc.) 12, Select the appropriate filter/cartridge. 13, Are there any special requirements? - worker comfort - work activity needs - worker with corrective lenses

Answer 203

Maximum Use Concentration Determined by multiplying the respirator's APF (assigned protection factor) by the TWA. This indicates the maximum contaminant the respirator is demonstrated to be effective against.

Answer 204

Every time a worker uses a respirator, they should conduct user seal check (aka fit check). Both a negative and positive pressure test should be performed, unless the respirator resign prevents one of these being done. Negative Check Block the valves etc. and inhale slightly. Hold for 10s. Ensure no leaks. Positive Check Block valves etc. and exhale slightly. Hold for 10s. Ensure no leaks.

Answer 205

Qualitative and quantitative tests possible. Required at least annually. Quantitative requires special equipment to measure concentrations of contaminant in/out of mask. Qualitative more common. Three main methods. 1, Odour Test Banana oil - tests cartridges, not filters (vapour, not irritating, pleasant odour, easy to use, can be a problem with latex allergy) 2, Irritation Test Irritant Smoke (fume, easy to use, highly irritating) 3, Taste Test Bitrex and Saccharin (Messy, a test hood is required)

Answer 206

``` Kinetic Chemical Potential Thermal Electrical Radiation ```

Answer 207

De-energization is the process of ensuring that energy from machinery/equipment is contained and unable to be released into a worker that may be working in the normal path of that energy.

Answer 208

1, Regulations 2, Technical manual from manufacturer 3, Input from qualified workers

Answer 209

A device that physically prevents activation of a system used for controlling machinery or equipment.

Answer 210

A device that physically prevents the transmission or release of an energy source to machinery or equipment.

Answer 211

A system which physically prevents access to keys when locks or positive sealing devices are applied in a group lockout procedure.

Answer 212

The use of a lock(s) to render machinery or equipment inoperable or to isolate an energy source in accordance with a written procedure.

Answer 213

Work performed to keep machinery or equipment in safe operating condition, including repairing, installing, cleaning, lubricating, and clearing of obstructions to normal flow.

Answer 214

Work that is routine, repetitive, and integral to the normal use of machinery or equipment for production.

Answer 215

1, They must be key locks, not combination. 2, Each lock much be individually keyed with only the owner having the key (with possible exception of a spare with supervisor/manager) 3, Most jurisdictions (incl' BC) require that locks be identified/labelled 4, In most situations, every worker must apply their own lock on machines during work.

Answer 216

1, The worker who did the de-energization/lockout checks that the equipment is clear and safe of obstruction/workers. The machine is then observed to ensure no person enters the energy path after inspection 2, The worker removes their lock and re-activates the main energy-isolating device.

Answer 217

The person with the primary responsibility, who performed the five steps of DE/L, should apply the multi-lock hasp and secure their lock in the first position.

Answer 218

A device that can be used in place of a padlock, which has spaces for multiple padlocks to be applied. This allows for multiple individuals to each secure a device with their own personal lock.

Answer 219

1, De-energization Identify and shut off the main energy-isolating device. 2, Confirm de-energization Confirm that there are no workers in the path of energy, and then test the equipment to conform that the energy is controlled. 3,Assure continued de-energization Apply a personal lock.

Answer 220

A procedure that can be used when there are multiple energy-isolating devices that require lockout and there are multiple workers involved. It reduces the need for excessive numbers of personal locks. 1, TWO qualified workers perform standard DE/L procedures for each device. 2, The keys to the locks are locked in a box, and the box is secured with a multi-lock hasp. 3, Each worker puts their personal lock on the hasp. 4, Each worker removes their own lock when they have completed work and are no longer in the path of energy. 5, When all locks are removed, TWO designated/qualified workers re-energize the devices together following standard procedures.

Answer 221

1, All reasonable steps must be taken to contact the worker and confirm that they are not in the path of energy. 2, The supervisor may take responsibility for removing the lock, and the lock may be removed in the worker's absence. 3, The device is re-energized following normal procedures, including confirming that there are no workers in the path of energy. (this is prescribed in the BC OHSR)

Answer 222

BC OHS Regulation, Part 10. Additionally, there are a number of design standards to ensure that equipment has de-energization and lockout design features/instructions.

Answer 223

- Regulators have not found another method to assure the same level of safety - There is a long history of injuries and deaths where rules were not followed. - Violations are still being noted during inspections and there is a known gap in education/training/attitude. If an inspector encounters a violation in BC they will immediately stop work, and issue a penalty to the employer and/or worker.

Answer 224

1, Close the valve 2, Bleed the remaining energy from the system if possible 3, Apply a valve lockout device with a personal lock 4, Confirm that there are no people in the path of energy 5, Test the equipment to confirm de-energization

Answer 225

The person that applies the hasp is responsible for the 5 basic steps of DE/L. Ideally this person should be one of the most experienced/knowledgeable in DE/L procedures. The responsibility of re-energization may fall on the last worker to remove their lock, unless there is an employer designated responsible person.

Answer 226

Most sources of radiation require electricity to operate. Electrical DE/L eliminates the possibility of radiation. -This is applicable to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

Answer 227

The machine is unplugged and male end of the cable kept in full sight/control of the worker. This is acceptable as DE/L without the use of physical lockout. If the male-end of the cable is not under full sight/control of the worker, then standard lockout procedures are required.

Answer 228

1, Identify the machinery/equipment that requires DE/L 2, Shut off the machinery/equipment, and wait for all moving parts/process to come to a complete stop. 3, Locate and de-activate the main energy-isolating device 4, Apply a personal lock 5, Test the effectiveness of the DE/L (try to start machine)

Answer 229

Voltage is the potential difference between a conductor and the ground. It is the electrical pressure, or power. Volts.

Answer 230

Current is the quantity or volume of electricity. amps.

Answer 231

Provincial electrical codes and regulations are usually based on the Canadian Electrical code, and CSA 22.1, 22.2, and 22.3. In BC this is the Electrical Safety Act, and Electrical Safety Regulation Additionally, OHS regulations usually cover some electrical safety. There is often overlap between the legislation. BC OHSR Part 19. Electrical Safety The BC OHSR references the Electrical Safety Regulation.

Answer 232

1, Provincial electrical code and regulations (usually based on the Canadian Electrical Code, CAS 22.1, CAS 22.2, CAS 22.3) In BC this is the Electrical Safety Act, and Electrical Safety Regulation 2, Provincial OHS regulations associated with electrical safety In BC, this is the BC OHSR Part 19. There is often overlap between electrical safety and OHS safety regulations.

Answer 233

A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter is a device that monitors the current in the hot and neutral wires of a cord. If there is 5 mA or more leakage, then the GFCI will cur the power. A GFCI is not the same as a circuit breaker or fuse in an electrical panel. These trip when the current through the wire is too high, typically 10-30 A. At 10 A, the current is high enough to cause electrocution.

Answer 234

Electrical resistance is the amount that a material reduces the flow of electricity. Ohms.

Answer 235

``` V = I x R (Voltage = current x resistance) ``` Variation I = P ÷ E ``` V, voltage I, current (intensity) R, resistance P, power (watts) E, voltage (electromotive force, older notation than V) ```

Answer 236

BC OHSR, part 19 = 31-750 is low voltage.

Answer 237

BC OHSR, part 19 = 750+ volts is high voltage.

Answer 238

``` AC = alternating current DC = direct current ``` Frequency of AC is measured in Hertz (Hz), cycles per second. Always 60Hz in Canadian homes.

Answer 239

Injuries caused by the bodies own electrical system being overloaded. - Muscle damage from severe contraction - Damage to non-muscle tissue from excess muscle contraction - Cardiac arrhythm or arrest

Answer 240

Electrical resistance converts electricity into heat. Burns can occur at entry site, exit site, or anywhere between. An arc may be created resulting in arc or flash burns to the skin or eyes.

Answer 241

Injuries incurred by electrical shocks other than shock and burn injuries. For example, a fall or bring thrown from the electrical source.

Answer 242

The Canadian Standards Association

Answer 243

1, If possible, de-energize the system before work 2, If possible, reduce the energy in the system 3, Only permit qualified workers to work on the system 4, Work with appropriately qualified workers to develop safe work practices

Answer 244

1, Know the regulations for the jurisdiction, including what is accepted as a qualified worker for the jurisdiction. 2, Confirm the qualifications of all workers. 3, Ensure that at least 1 qualified person assists in the writing of safe work procedures. 4, Limit risk by limiting the numbers of qualified and non-qualified workers permitted in the work area.

Answer 245

Accidental contact with high voltage powerlines. Investigations typically find: - Work was usually near the power line and not on the power line - Lines carried 25kv or less (standard commercial lines) and not 60-500kv lines (main, high power lines) - Workers were aware of risk but didn't implement appropriate controls - Workers assumed that the power lines were insulated or protected in some way - Additional workers were injured attempting rescue

Answer 246

Touch potential is the potential difference in volts between a power source and the ground. If a circuit contact is made between the two, then the electricity will travel along the circuit. Example, power lines where a person touches the line and the pole supporting the line, completing the circuit to the ground.

Answer 247

Touch potential is the potential difference in volts between two points on the ground. When electricity is travelling to the ground (down power lines), the ground around the source becomes electrified. Further away from the source, the voltage gradually decreases. If a person stands with one foot on ground with 5kv, and another foot on ground with 4kv, then 1000v will travel through the worker to move from the high to low voltage areas.

Answer 248

Prescriptive legislation that is generally found in all OHS legislation. It dictates the minimum distance workers or equipment may be to an electrically energized source. (with exceptions) Example, BC OHSR Part 19, section 19.24.1 750V to 75kV = 3 meters 75kV to 250 kV = 4.5 metres 250kV to 550kV = 6 meters

Answer 249

1, Remain in vehicle 2, Attempt to move vehicle to break contact 3, Warn other workers to maintain limits of approach to vehicle 4, If vehicle cannot be separated from powerlines, then remain in vehicle until help can be organized 5, If the worker must leave the vehicle (fire), then jump with feet together being careful not to stumble. Goal is to avoid touching ground and vehicle at the same time. 6, Keep feet together and carefully hop until out of limit of approach

Answer 250

Injuries and deaths from low voltage equipment are high. Possibly due to: - uneducated people think that low voltage means low danger - uneducated people may work on low voltage equipment at home, and so think that it is safe - workers may have seen qualified persons working with energized low voltage equipment and think that they know all the hazards - Standards and regulations for design and installation of electrical equipment in Canada are high. As such, many people do not hear about low-voltage accidents - Many workers think that low voltage equipment has protective design features to keep them safe.

Answer 251

There is highly prescriptive legislation that follows the hierarchy of controls when work must be conducted within the limits of approach. This includes de-energization when possible, and paperwork when it is not. WorkSafeBC must be notified, hazards must be clearly marked and a watcher is necessary.

Answer 252

Only permit approved electrical tools and extension cords to be used. Ensure that appropriate grounding is in place for all electrical tools and extension cords. Use a ground fault interrupter, especially in wet locations.

Answer 253

Tools should be double insulated, ensuring that the electrical components are isolated from the case. This should be stated on the label with a symbol of a square within a square. While OHS regulations do not require double insulated tools to be grounded, many are and best practice is that they should be. Extension cords should be CSA approved for outdoor use.

Answer 254

1, A polarity tester can be plugged in and light codes checked. 2, A multimeter can be used to test continuity.

Answer 255

A circuit breaker is designed to reduce the risk of fires, and stops current that is too high. A high current can generate heat and cause a fire. Typically 10-30 A. A GFCI trips when there is a leakage of current from the circuit. This is designed to reduce the risk of electrocution. Typically 5 mA.

Answer 256

When equipment grounds a high voltage line, the current travels into the ground and spreads out from the grounding. The voltage gradually decreases in concentric circles around the grounding point, like ripples in a pond when a stone is dropped in. These ripples can create step potentials if someone is walking or an object connects two sections of ground that have differing voltages.

Answer 257

What type of product packages are being handled? What is the direction of transport in the facility? What is the mode of transport? What transport equipment is being used?

Answer 258

``` Hand trucks Pallet Jacks Lift Tables Conveyors Overhead Rail Systems Stair Climber Vacuum Lifter ```

Answer 259

No. There isn't strong evidence to indicate whether back belts make a difference in the risk of injury. As such, WorkSafeBC does not consider them to be PPE.

Answer 260

1, Pallet Racks Simple shelving designed for pallets or large units of materials 2, Drive-In/Drive-Through Racks Large racks intended for use with a lift truck (or similar) 3, Cantilever Racks Bracket-like arms that long items can be placed on. 4, Special Racks Usually an adapted version of one of the other systems.

Answer 261

Most OHS regulations and building codes require RMI/ANSI standard steel racking. ANSI usually adopts RMI standards for steel storage racks. RMI is the Rack Manufacturers Institute.

Answer 262

1, RMI/ANSI approved or another acceptable standard. (Rack Manufacturers Institute, American National Standards Institute) 2, Rack components strong enough for intended load. 3, Rack height is stable. 4, Racks guarded against contact with machinery (such as damage from lift truck collision)

Answer 263

American National Standards Institute

Answer 264

Rack Manufacturers Institute

Answer 265

Storage shelving is for smaller/lighter materials. Racks are for larger/heavier materials.

Answer 266

1, Open shelves - Sides and back of shelving is open - braces may help to stabilize - floor mounted 2, Closed shelves - sides and back panels present & add stability - floor mounted 3, Ledge Shelves - may be open or closed - 2 or more units, where the lower is deeper resulting in a ledge/counter space - floor mounted 4, Counter shelves - shelving mounted on a counter instead of the floor - may be any other type (open, closed, ledge)

Answer 267

SEMA (Storage Equipment Manufacturers Association) & ANSI produced two standards. 1, industrial steel shelving 2, metal-wood shelving

Answer 268

Automated Storage/Automated Retrieval system.

Answer 269

An automated guided vehicle. Used in highly automated facilities to store and retrieve materials.

Answer 270

Automated systems are powered, and as such introduce the hazard of workers coming into contact with the energy of the system. Effective guards are required to protect workers from accidental contact with system energies. Effective de-energization processes are necessary.

Answer 271

- Conformation to design standards - Load capacity vs actual; load - Bracing/stabilization components in place and good repair - Structural components in place and in good repair - End/corner guards are in place - If evidence of damage to guards, then review worker training (lift trucks) - Materials stored is stable

Answer 272

The simplest approach to H&S issues. Recognize a problem, evaluate it, control it. Recognition: - Own professional experience/education - Stastistics - Consultation with workers, supervisors, managers - Regulations, guidelines, standards Evaluation: May be simple or more involved. (evaluating need for guard on sawblade is fairly simple) (evaluating chemical exposure hazards can be more involved) ``` Control: Order of preference (the control toolbox) 1, Prescribed regulation 2, Required standards 3, Best practices 4, Other control practices ```

Answer 273

Most to least effective controls. Training is essential for controls to be effective.

Answer 274

Order of preference (the control toolbox) 1, Prescribed regulation 2, Required standards 3, Best practices 4, Other control practices ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Identify required controls. Then Look at published best practices. In the absence of sufficient controls from the above, look elsewhere such as professional training and professional organization recommendations. Due diligence requires that these all be considered when developing controls.

Answer 275

A condition or situation that exists within the working environment that is capable of causing an unwanted release of energy resulting in physical harm, property damage, or both. More simply, a workplace hazard is a dangerous condition, whether potential or existing, that can cause physical harm.

Answer 276

The likelihood or possibility of hazardous consequences; the probability of a loss producing event. Therefore, a work process can be at once both highly hazardous and very low risk, if it has been correctly recognized and the hazard effectively controlled.

Answer 277

A “standard” is a document that is written by a group of experts in the subject matter. The standard is then a consensus document of the standard way in which something should be done according to those who should know best.

Answer 278

Elimination Reduction Ventilation

Answer 279

Unclean facilities can be a health hazard to workers (food health etc.). Poor sanitation is an indicator of employers safety attitude. Good sanitation demonstrates value to workers. Unclean workplaces are a red flag to OHS regulators suggesting fundamental OHS management problems.

Answer 280

Many studies demonstrate measurable levels of chemical/biological agents in the homes of workers. These are usually transported on clothing and in hair. OHS regulations generally include provisions that when employer supplied clothing is provided, the following must also be provided: 1, Suitable location for storage of street clothes. 2, Suitable facilities for changing in/out of street clothes. 3, Special storage/change arrangements for contaminated work clothing. Where contaminated work clothes are an issue, the following is a common setup: Antiroom - remove contaminated clothing Washroom - shower Clean room - put on street/clean clothes.

Answer 281

There are no Canadian standards for emergency showers. Regulation usually references American standard. Emergency showers must: - Have simple controls that can be operated by a semi-incapacitated worker. - Be close to work processes, and able to resist environmental factors (prevention of freezing if in cold climate) - Immediately provide adequate water at appropriate temperature for a guaranteed length of time. There are no Canadian standards for eyewash stations. American standard is usually referenced in regulation. Self-contained 1L eye wash stations fail to meet ANSI standard (1.5L/min for 15 minutes)

Answer 282

* Workers see basic housekeeping and it will impact their impression of the workplace and employee-management relations * A good indicator of systemic OHS problems. Often used as an indicator for inspectors * Important for hygiene. Worker food safety, and prevention of contaminants taken home.

Answer 283

- Facilities not available - Facilities not readily available - Not enough facilities - Unclean facilities - Workers not aware of benefit

Answer 284

- Risk of foodborne illness. This is a compensable disease - Encourages overall concern for sanitation and maintenance - Possible risk of contamination by workplace chemicals/hazards - Worker-employer relationship. Condition of lunchroom demonstrates value of workers.

Answer 285

- High flow rate - Instant method to turn on and remain on - Hands free operation - Immediately available tempered water

Answer 286

- Access - Signage - Water availability & flow rate - Water temperature - Unit must be flushed to ensure sanitation

Answer 287

US National Safety Council - NSC 1, Design for minimum risk 2, Incorporate safety devices into design 3, Provide warning devices 4, Develop safe work practices and procedures 5, Use PPE

Answer 288

CCBFC (Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes) a division of the National Research Council of Canada develops and maintains: * 1, National Building Code of Canada * 2, National Fire Code of Canada * 3, National Plumbing Code of Canada 4, National Farm Building Code of Canada 5, National Housing Code of Canada 6, Model National Energy Code of Canada for Houses 7, Model National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings Note: model codes are not law. Provincial jurisdiction. These are guides that a federally produced for provincial consideration.

Answer 289

Province/territory considers model codes (such as written by CCBFC or CSA). Model code can be adopted, or modified/enhanced. ``` Examples: Electrical installation and equipment design Elevators Boilers and pressure vessels Pressure piping ``` The province then develops method of enforcement. BC has Technical Safety BC operating under Safety Authority Act and Safety Standards Act: - electrical installation - Elevating devices - Natural gas installations - Boilers and pressure vessels - Mechanical refrigeration systems

Answer 290

Part 1: General Requirements Part 3: Fire Protection, Occupant Safety, and Accessibility Part 4: Structural Design Part 6: Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning

Answer 291

Federal - develops model codes Provincial - adopts laws, often based on model codes Municipal - usually inspect and enforce provincial laws

Answer 292

Light is a form of nonionizing radiation. It is in the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. 400-700nm

Answer 293

Any device that transforms electricity into light.

Answer 294

A luminaire is a complete lighting unit, including a lamp. | A luminaire is a device that produces, controls, and distributes light.

Answer 295

Illuminance is the measure of the amount of light falling on a surface. Luminance is the amount of light being reflected from a surface.

Answer 296

Standard measurements of illuminance is in lux. USA also uses older measurement of footcandles. The measurement of luminance is candela per square meter (cd/m2)

Answer 297

Unit equipment Self-contained unit with rechargeable battery and lamp. Mains power charges battery, and unit activates when power is off. Lamp is special incandescent (shorter life, greater output). Unit Inverters Similar to Unit Equipment, but uses an inverter to power fluorescent tubes. Central DC and Inverter Systems Batteries are stored in a central location and provide power to numerous lamps in event of power failure.

Answer 298

The radio of luminance of one surface and the luminance of a second surface. If one surface has markedly greater luminance than another, then the brightness ratio is high.

Answer 299

The contrast ratio is the ratio of luminance of an object (or task) versus the luminance of the immediate background. A white object with a white background has a contrast ratio of 1.0. A white object with a black background has a contrast ratio greater than 1.0. The white object has more luminance.

Answer 300

The ratio of an objects luminance versus it's illumination. | A reflectance ratio of 0.6 means that 60% of the light (from illumination) is being reflected.

Answer 301

Glare is an excessive brightness that causes loss of visual performance or eye fatigue. Glare can be come from luminaires or from reflected light.

Answer 302

A light meter (photometer or luxmeter) measures illuminance and can be used to estimate luminance, contrast ratio, and reflectance ratio. Special meters are required for accurate measurements of luminance, contrast ratio, and reflectance ratio.

Answer 303

A filament in an inert gas or vacuum. ``` Inexpensive overhead Easy to handle & use Instant start No ballast required Come in various shapes ``` Poor energy efficiency Short life (including "long-life") Produce heat

Answer 304

Electricity converted into UV light in tube covered by fluorescent material. Material fluoresces when exposed to UV light. Often tubes contain mercury to increase UV production and therefore greater fluorescence. ``` High energy efficiency Low heat output Relatively long life Available in various shapes/sizes Can produce a wide range of light spectra ``` High initial cost Requires a ballast Not usually instant starting Special disposal needs (mercury)

Answer 305

High Intensity Discharge lamps look like incandescent lamps, but function differently. High energy efficiency Very long life Large sizes for large area illumination Long warmup times High initial cost Disposal issues Often give limited spectrum lighting

Answer 306

Light Emitting Diodes use semi-conductors and reflective materials. ``` Inexpensive Extreme long life Resistant to damage (motion/vibration) Extreme low heat output High energy efficiency Highly visible light ``` Impractical for lighting large areas Does not produce significant illumination distant to the lamp Produces a harsh/bright light

Answer 307

Reflectors are highly reflective devices often used in luminaires to redirect light. These are commonly used in pot lights and floodlights.

Answer 308

Refractors are lenses of glass or plastic that refract light to a desired direction. Office fluorescent lighting and warehouse HID systems often use refractors.

Answer 309

Diffusers are opaque glass or plastic sheets that scatter light in many directions. They are typically used to spread out light that comes from high luminance lamps.

Answer 310

Bafflers and louvers scatter light in many directions in a way that breaks up the images of the lamp to reduce glare. Often office florescent lighting have bafflers and louvers to reduce monitor glare from the lamp.

Answer 311

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 1, Integrate light into the total security system. 2, Illuminate people and places to allow observation and identification. 3, Use security lighting to deter criminals. 4, Reduce fear of crime by enhancing the perception of security.

Answer 312

IESNA recommendations Building Codes OHS Regulation

Answer 313

Do workers know how to properly use the system? Are air contaminants being effectively drawn into the hood? Are air contaminants being effectively moved through the ductwork? Is the air cleaner working efficiently? Is the exhaust air being efficiently moved away from the building?

Answer 314

An LEV is a system that captures, contains, and removes air contaminants near their source. Examples: Laboratory fume hood, kitchen grease canopy, spray paint booth.

Answer 315

A General Ventilation or Dilution Ventilation system is a system to supply and exhause large volumes of air to dilute air contaminants in a large, low risk environment. Typical office HVAC systems are examples of GV/DV systems.

Answer 316

Hood - surround and capture contaminants near source Duct - Transport contaminants Air Cleaner (optional) - Remove contaminant from air Fan/motor - Provides motion to air in system Exhaust stack/vent - air exit point Replacement air source - to replace air removed from work area

Answer 317

Wood dust may accumulate in the ductwork, this will decrease the extraction system efficiency and pose a fire hazard (combustible wood dust).

Answer 318

Nuisance odors, smoke, and grease will accumulate. These may present a health, slipping, and fire hazard.

Answer 319

To provide thermal comfort and nuisance odour control.

Answer 320

Outdoor air is untempered and unfiltered air from the outdoors that it drawn into a DV system. Supply air is tempered and filtered air that is provided by the DV system to the workspace. Return air is the air returned from the workspace to be exhausted or re-used as part of the supply air.

Answer 321

It may not provide adequate dilution of a contaminant before it reaches a worker, and contaminated air may be drawn through breathing zones of more workers prior to being removed.

Answer 322

When small quantities of low toxicity and low fire hazard contaminants are released into the workspace at a known/uniform rate. When there is sufficient space between the contaminant source and the worker's breathing zone, so that effective dilution has occurred by the time workers are exposed. When contaminated air does not need to be cleaned and the air does not produce other issues (such as corrosion of surfaces).

Answer 323

Visually assess positioning in regard to contaminant source and worker location. Use a smoke tube to visualize the capture zone. Take a face velocity measurement.

Answer 324

Plain or flanged (round, rectangle, square) Slot (plain or flanged) Booth Canopy

Answer 325

Inadequate duct velocity (therefore inadequate face velocity) Accumulation of contaminants in ductwork Turbulent and inefficient airflow Noise

Answer 326

Contaminants may be re-introduced into the workplace. | Contaminants may ne introduced into other work areas.

Answer 327

Overhead Guard (protects against falling objects and rollovers) Seat (seatbelt +/- other restraints, protect against rollovers) Counterweight (Added weight to counterbalance the lifted load) Capacity Plate (information on the trucks capacity) Mast, Load Backrest, and Forks (lift and support the load) Tilt, Lift, and Side Shift Controls (allow for safe/secure lifting/carrying)

Answer 328

Trucks falling from loading docks Trucks tipping or losing load on an incline Trucks tipping when overloaded Contact with bystanders, other trucks, or equipment/structures.

Answer 329

1, Trucks operated must meet design standards. 2, Trucks must be operated in accordance with manufacturer instructions AND safe work practices that conform to the standard. 3, Regular inspections are necessary as specified in design standards and manufacturer documents. 4, Operators must be competent.

Answer 330

Training is required to operate a lift truck. Certification is not required. Training must meet CSA standard, but can be offered by in-house trainers or external trainers. Training is required every 3 years, with additional training and supervision as appropriate.

Answer 331

Legislation and regulations applicable to the operation of lift trucks Lift truck features Stability Capacity plate Preoperational inspection Start-up Traveling, with and without a load Pedestrians Load handling Ramps and grades Personnel lifting Elevators Workplace specific hazards Shutdown Refueling/recharging

Answer 332

Preoperational inspection Start-up Travelling, with and without a load (including pedestrian safety) Load handling Driving on ramps and grades Personnel lifting Using elevators Shutdown Refueling/recharging

Answer 333

1, Elevating platforms operated must meet design standards. 2, Elevating platforms must be operated in accordance with manufacturer instructions AND safe work procedures that conform to the standard. 3, Regular inspections/maintenance are necessary as specified in design standards and manufacturer documents. 4, Operators must be competent.

Answer 334

There is no standard classification system for elevating work platforms. However... MOVEMENT METHOD - Manual - Self propelled - Truck-mounted LIFTING MECHANISM - Boom - Scissor - Other CAPACITY - Single occupant - Multi-occupant

Answer 335

There are many design standards for elevating platforms depending upon the type of platform. There are 7 or more CSA and ANSI standards for elevating work platforms.

Answer 336

Tipping and rolling when in motion. Operator falling from platform. Crushing and shearing injuries when operator or bystander is caught in moving parts of the platform.

Answer 337

The BC OHSR requires that the operation manual AND maintenance manual from the manufacturer be available for workers at the workplace. If either of these is not available, then the equipment may not be used until it is obtained or written instructions are provided by a professional engineer.

Answer 338

In almost all circumstances, fall protection is required when working on an elevated platform. Anchors must meet specifications.

Answer 339

If platforms are not designed to be moved with an occupant, then they must be secured against movement before use. If platforms are intended to be moved with an occupant, then there are prescriptive regulations on the method of movement based on intended design, base dimension and platform height.

Answer 340

Controls must be clearly identified. Controls must be "hold-to-run". Be protected against accidental operation. Be within reach of operator Have a clearly labelled, red stop button. Have an overriding lowering control available to operator.

Answer 341

Inadequate design/construction. Inadequate attachment of platform to crane or hoist. Workers not wearing fall protection equipment.

Answer 342

Work done over a certain height requires fall protection. Guard rails are first choice. When guardrails are not practical, fall restraint must be used. When fall restraint is not practical, fall arrest systems must be used. All workers at risk of falling must be trained and supervised.

Answer 343

``` Elimination of fall hazard. Guardrails or equivalent. Fall restraint. Fall arrest. Control zone. ```

Answer 344

STRONG/HIGH/SUBSTANTIAL guardrails should be strong enough to resist a stumbling worker guardrails should be high enough to act as a barrier to an stumbling worker guardrails should be substantial enough to prevent a stumbling worker from slipping between parts.

Answer 345

102-112 cm.

Answer 346

102-112 cm.

Answer 347

fall restraint & fall arrest. Must... -be inspected by qualified person before each shift. - be kept free of substances and conditions that contribute to deterioration - be maintained in good working order - consist of compatible/suitable components - be sufficient to support the fall restraint/arrest forces - meet and be used per CSA or ANSI standards from time of manufacture - be removed from service after arresting a fall - not be returned to service after removal until recertified by manufacturer, authorized agent, or professional engineer.

Answer 348

Fall restraint is a type of fall protection that ensures a worker falls no further than the level that they are working on. Some regulations require that system minimizes falls to 30cm or less (1ft). There are various of fall restraint systems, but they must still meet CSA standards.

Answer 349

Fall arrest systems stop a falling worker before they reach the ground. Systems must meet CSA standards. ``` The MAF (maximum arrest force) must be less than 8kn and should be less than 4kn. Most fall arrest systems require shock absorbing technology to achieve this. ``` Full body harnesses should be used to distribute forces across the body instead of being focused in one area.

Answer 350

Fall arrest systems stop a falling worker before they reach the ground. Systems must meet CSA standards. ``` The MAF (maximum arrest force) must be less than 8kn and should be less than 4kn. Most fall arrest systems require shock absorbing technology to achieve this. ``` Full body harnesses should be used to distribute forces across the body instead of being focused in one area. Lanyards may be attached to an anchor or a horizontal/vertical/retractable lifeline.

Answer 351

Full-body harness Lanyard or restricted length, with shock absorbing elements Adequate anchor point.

Answer 352

- full body harness - lanyard of restricted length - adequate anchor point

Answer 353

Temporary fall-restraint anchors must have a capacity of 3.5kN or four times the weight of the worker. Temporary fall-arrest anchors must have a capacity of 22kN or two times the maximum arrest force. Permanent anchors for restraint or arrest must have a capacity of 22kN. All persons connected to an anchor must have an independent attachment.

Answer 354

A swing fall hazard is a hazaqrd that would cause a person to swing and potentially strike objects in the event of a fall. These are often ideal locations for anchor points. Risks are reduced by minimizing lanyard lengths and advising workers to work closely to their anchors.

Answer 355

When workers need more mobility than a fixed anchor provides, a lifeline can be used. Horizontal lifelines are attached at two ends and the attachment can move freely along the line. Vertical lifelines are attached at the top, and hang down. The worker is attached to the vertical line with a rope grab, which locks in place when a fall occurs. Permanent lifelines must be certified by a professional engineer. Temporary lifelines must be made for purpose, used following manufacturer instructions, installed following written instructions from a professional engineer, and meet requirements of regulatory body.

Answer 356

Some employers (typically roofing industry) argue that the hierarch of fall protection is not practical for their work. (many workers, tangling lines, work at roof edge, processes that damage fall protection equipment) Some jurisdictions permit control zones and safety monitors as an alternative method of fall protections. Designated area of higher fall risk (at least 2m from edge), flagged and monitored by a worker that alerts others to fall dangers.

Answer 357

Most regulators require written fall protection plans. BC requires written plans for

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