Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 1

The processes of gaining new information and placing it in memory

Answer 1

Acquisition

Question 2

A memory deficit suffered after some kinds of brain damage, in which the patient seems unable to form new explicit memories however memories aquired before the injury are spared

Answer 2

Anterograde amnesia

Question 3

A process of reorganizing or recoding materials in working memory by combining a number of items into a single large unit

Answer 3

Chunking

Question 4

The way of improving retrieval by re-creating the state of mind that accompanied the initial learning

Answer 4

Context reinstatement

Question 5

Knowledge of information that can be expressed in words

Answer 5

Declarative knowledge

Question 6

An approach to memorization that involves focusing on the meaning of the stimulus

Answer 6

Deep processing

Question 7

A common procedure for studying memory in which participants read and then immediately record a list of related words, but the word proving the “theme” for the lust is not included

Answer 7

DRM paradigm

Question 8

The hypothesis that when information is stored in memory it is not recorded in its original form but translated into a form that includes the thoughts and understandings of the learner

Answer 8

Encoding specificity

Question 9

Memory for specific events and experiences

Answer 9

Episodic memory

Question 10

Conscious memories that can be described at will and can be triggered by a direct question

Answer 10

Explicit memories

Question 11

A general sense that a certain stimulus has been encountered Before

Answer 11

Familiarity

Question 12

Vivid, detailed memories said to be produced by unexpected and emotionally important events

Answer 12

Flashbulb memories

Question 13

The graphic pattern representing the relationship between measures of learning and the length of the retention interval: as the retention interval gets longer, memory decreases

Answer 13

Forgetting curve

Question 14

Memories that we may not recall consciously, but that are still demonstrable through an indirect test

Answer 14

Implicit memory

Question 15

Learning without trying to learn, and often without awareness that learning is occurring

Answer 15

Incidental learning

Question 16

Placing new information into memory in anticipation of being tested on it later

Answer 16

Intentional learning

Question 17

Memory mistakes in which elements that were not part of the original information get mixed Into someone’s recall

Answer 17

Intrusion errors

Question 18

The vast memory depositary containing all of an individuals knowledge and beliefs, including all those not in use at any given time

Answer 18

Long-term memory

Question 19

Mechanical repetition of material without thinking about it’s meaning or patterns

Answer 19

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 20

The biological process through which memories Are transformed from a transient and fragile status to a more permanent and robust state; according to most researchers, consolidation occurs over the course of several hours

Answer 20

Memory consolidation

Question 21

The physical record in the nervous system that preserves a memory

Answer 21

Memory trace

Question 22

The result of a procedure in which, after an experience, people are exposed to questions or suggestions that misrepresent what happened. the term refers to peoples tendency to include the misinformation as part of their record of the original experience

Answer 22

Misinformation effect

Question 23

Deliberate techniques people use to memorize new materials

Answer 23

Mnemonics

Question 24

In free recall, the tendency to recall the first items in the list more readily than those in the middle

Answer 24

Primacy effect

Question 25

Knowledge of how to do something, such as riding a bike; expressed in behaviors rather than in words

Answer 25

Procedural knowledges

Question 26

A type of retrieval that requires you to produce an item from memory in response to a cue or question

Answer 26

Recall

Question 27

In free recall, the tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle

Answer 27

Regency effect

Question 28

A type of retrieval that requires you to judge whether you have to encounter a stimulus previously

Answer 28

Recognition

Question 29

Recall of the context in which a certain stimulus was encountered

Answer 29

Recollection

Question 30

The time that elapses between learning and retrieval

Answer 30

Retention interval

Question 31

The process of searching for a memory and finding it

Answer 31

Retrieval

Question 32

A hint or signal that helps one to recall a memory

Answer 32

Retrieval cue

Question 33

The mental connections linking one idea to the next that people use to locate a bit of information in memory

Answer 33

Retrieval paths

Question 34

A memory deficit, often suffered after a dead injury, in which a patient loses memory for events that occurred before the injury

Answer 34

Retrograde amnesia

Question 35

An individual’s mental representation that summarizes her knowledge about a certain type of event or situation

Answer 35

Schema

Question 36

Memory for facts (including word meanings); these memories are not tied to any specific time or place

Answer 36

Semantic memory

Question 37

An approach to memorization that involves focusing on the superficial characteristics of the stimulus, such as the sound if a word or the typeface in which its printed

Answer 37

Shallow processing

Question 38

The condition in which one remains on the verge of retrieving a word or name but continues to be unsuccessful

Answer 38

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) effect

Question 39

A term describing the status of thoughts in memory that are currently activated

Answer 39

Working memory