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Gross but true (OBGYNE) > Physiology of the Placenta and Pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiology of the Placenta and Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Special group of cells within the hollow, fluid-filled blastocyst

A

inner cell mass

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2
Q

Cells that form the outer surface of the blastocyst

A

trophoblast cells

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3
Q

What day does the trophoblast invade the endometrium and implantation occur?

A

day 7

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4
Q

mononucleated cells that form the inner layer of trophoblast (Langhans cell layer)

A

cytotrophoblast

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5
Q

outer multinucleated zone of trophoblast without distinct cell boundaries: This forms chorionic villi and the two umbilical arteries and the single umbilical vein

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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6
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the placenta?

A

glycogen and cholesterol synthesis. removal of lactate and other waste products

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7
Q

one of the primary endocrine mediators of parturition and possibly also of fetal development

A

Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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8
Q

replaces pituitary GH during pregnancy

A

Insulin-like human placental GH (hPGH)

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9
Q

hormone that maintains a non-contractile uterus, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

A

progesterone

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10
Q

steroid hormones that play a crucial role in regulating organ development and fetal maturation

A

glucocorticoids

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11
Q

hormone that is responsible for enlargement of the uterus, breasts, external genitalia as well as relaxation of the pelvic ligaments

A

estrogen

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12
Q

Normal opthalmic changes with pregnancy

A

cornea thickens and intraocular pressure decreases

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13
Q

choroidal vascular insufficiency caused by toxemia of pregnancy can lead to what ocular emergency?

A

secondary retinal detachments

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14
Q

Dental change associated with pregnancy due to hormonal changes softening the tissues in the mouth contributing to bleeding or inflammation.

A

gingivitis

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15
Q

a hyperplastic lesion in the mouth composed mainly of capillary vessels and endothelial proliferation. referred to as “pregnancy tumor.”

A

Epulis

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16
Q

Result of decreased esophageal sphincter tone during pregnancy

A

GERD

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17
Q

Timeframe for morning sickness (nausea gravidarum)

A

first month to 16 weeks

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18
Q

caused by rapidly rising serum levels of hormones such as HCG and estrogen

A

Hyperemesis gravidarum

19
Q

Sex hormone that reduces ureteral tone and peristalsis predisposing pregnant women to UTIs and pyelonephritis

A

progesterone

20
Q

What must be a part of management for any pregnant woman with pyelonephritis?

A

admission to the hospital

21
Q

Changes to urinary bladder in pregnancy

A

progesterone relaxes muscular wall, edema/hypermia of mucosa, and decreased capacity due to enlarged uterus

22
Q

What is the increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration by mid trimester and plasma volume?

A

40-50%

23
Q

What happens to Cr, BUN, and uric acid levels during pregnancy?

A

Cr drops 0.4-0.5 mg/dL. Decreased BUN and uric acid

24
Q

Responsible for respiratory alkalosis that is compensated for by renal excretion of bicarb

A

hyperventilation

25
Q

common in normal pregnant women and perhaps is beneficial as the decrease in viscosity may help with perfusion

A

anemia

26
Q

T/F The amount of iron absorbed from diet plus stored iron is insufficient to meet the requirements of pregnancy

A

true

27
Q

When you should a woman begin taking a multivitamin with folic acid and oral iron supplements?

A

6 months before conception

28
Q

Change in blood pressure associated with pregnancy?

A

systolic BP decreases 10 mmHg and diastolic decreases 15 mmHg

29
Q

Interferes with absorption of iron so supplements that contain this should be taken at different time

A

magnesium

30
Q

Normal cardiovascular changes in pregnancy include all of the following EXCEPT: muscle mass of heart increase, heart shifts to left, apical pulse moves to 4th intercostal space, softer heart sounds, and wie split S1 and S2 by 3rd trimester

A

heart sounds become louder not softer

31
Q

can occur in women in the second half of pregnancy due to compression of the aorta and inferior vena cava by the gravid uterus. results in a decrease in cardiac output with effects ranging from transient asymptomatic hypotension to cardiovascular collapse.

A

Supine Hypotensive Syndrome

32
Q

Occur during pregnancy due to increases in clotting factors, decreases in protein S and inhibition of fibrinolysis

A

hypercoagulable state

33
Q

Effect of estrogen on upper respiratory tract

A

increased phagocytic activity leading to nasal congestion

34
Q

Hormone that stimulates respiratory drive, increases minute ventilation w/out change in resp. rate.

A

progesterone

35
Q

Average weight gain during pregnancy

A

20-40lb

36
Q

Why are pregnant women less sensitive to the action of ADH?

A

clearance is increased from week 10-mid pregnancy due to vasopressinase produced by the placenta

37
Q

Effect of maternal hyperglycemia and DM on the developing embryo

A

birth defects

38
Q

Molecules that the placenta is impermeable to

A

large lipids

39
Q

Provide maternal fuel

A

high triglycerides

40
Q

Normal finding in many pregnant women due to increased water retention

A

edema

41
Q

most common pregnancy related dermatosis

A

Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques

42
Q

triggered by rapid decline in progesterone and elevated levels of prolactin, cortisol, and insulin

A

milk production after delivery

43
Q

Levels of most cytokines are depressed during this period which is important to sustain fetus

A

initial 20 wks

44
Q

A layer of fibrin between the boundary zone of compact endometrium and the cytotrophoblastic shell in the placenta. Allows separation of placenta after delivery

A

Nitabuch’s layer

Gross but true (OBGYNE) (17 decks)

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