exam 2.1 genetics Flashcards
What is a karyotype and what is an ideogram (remember that mutations have to be larger than 4mb to be seen on a karyotype)
karyotype- the particular chromosome set of a species
ideogram- physical drawing representation
What are the parts of a chromosome
long arm- p short arm- q centromere sister chromatids non-sister chromatids
How may pairs of autosomes, and how many sex chromosomes do humans have?
autosomes- 22 pairs
sex- 2
How does the medical and general usage of the word “gene” differ?
medical- only parts that code for proteins are genes
general- any functional unit
What is a locus?
the exact location of a gene on a chromosome
What are alleles?
genes that have two or more variations in a population (eye color)
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
genotype- genetic combination of alleles that a person has for a specific trait
phenotype- how that trait is physically expressed
What is a SNP?
single nucleotide polymorphism- when one single nucleotide is replaced by another (normally only have two alleles)
List the ways autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive modes of inheritance differ?
autosomal dominant- need only one gene. doesn´t skip generations, equally affects male and female
autosomal recessive- need both genes, skips generations, equally affects males and females
Which parent do you inherit your mitochondrial DNA from?
mother
What are the genetic principles of pleiotropy, aneuploidy, and anticipation
plietropy- single gene mutation affets several organ systems(Marphan´s)
aneuploidy-one extra or one less chromosome
anticipation- current generation develops disease sooner than those in earlier generations (Huntington’s)
For X-linked recessive inheritance, who is affected and who is a carrier (i.e. male vs female)?
affected- males
carriers- females
*it is possible for a female to get the disease, but her mother must have been a carrier and the father affected
Why are females more likely to get an X-linked dominant disease than males?
females only need to inherit one mutant gene, affects heterozygous females(double the chances of inheriting a mutant X)
What are the major features of Turner syndrome, Why is it called a mosaic disease?
X-chromosome monosomy, 45 X, 46 XX, 47XXX
short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, neurocognitive problems
Why should we consider many sex chromosomes aneuploidies as traits, not diseases as they have been classified in the past?
Some cause no serious health issues (ie taller than average)